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PsychedeliaDokholyan Laboratory
Plate 435 of 545Verified

Mitragynine

PubChem records this structure as (-)-Mitragynine.

Also known as(-)-Mitragynine · 9-Methoxycorynantheidine · Mitragynin · Mitragynine [MI] · Mitragynine - 95% · Mitragynine - 97% · MITRAGYNINE [WHO-DD] · Mitragynine, 1mg/ml in Methanol

methyl (E)-2-[(2S,3S,12bS)-3-ethyl-8-methoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl]-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate

PubChem CID
3034396
Measurements
34
InChIKey
LELBFTMXCIIKKX-QVRQZEMUSA-N

I · Summary

What is known

Published passages, each quoted whole and attributed to the database that published it. Two blocks are written here rather than quoted, and both say so where they stand: the synthesized summary at the top, which may draw only on the passages beneath it, and the history note, which cites the works it came from. Every claim in either carries a marker to its source.

What it is

Recognized use

  • The Thai medicinal plant Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) is misused as a herbal drug. Besides this, a new herbal blend has appeared on the drugs of abuse market, named Krypton, a mixture of O-demethyltramadol (ODT) and kratom. /Kratom/

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 21153588Phillipp AA et al; Anal Bioanal Chem 400(1): 127-35 (2011)

How it acts

  • ... Mitragynine (MIT), a mu-opioid agonist with antinociceptive and antitussive properties...

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 19589735de Moraes NV et al; J Chromatog B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 877 (24): 2593-7 (2009)

  • Mitragynine, the major alkaloid identified from Kratom, has been reported as a partial opioid agonist producing similar effects to morphine. An interesting minor alkaloid of Kratom, 7-hydroxymitragynine, has been reported to be more potent than morphine. Both Kratom alkaloids are reported to activate supraspinal mu- and delta- opioid receptors, explaining their use by chronic narcotics users to ameliorate opioid withdrawal symptoms.

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 18259963Babu KM et al; Clon Toxicol (Phila) 46 (2): 146-52 (2008)

Behavior carries the pharmacological classes and the acute-effect durations, with plasma half-life kept separate from duration of effect.

In the body

  • ... LC-MS/MS analysis... was applied to quantify mitragynine in plasma samples of rats (n=8 per sampling time) treated with a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained (mean): maximum plasma concentration: 424 ng/mL; time to reach maximum plasma concentration: 1.26 hr; elimination half-life: 3.85 hr, apparent total clearance: 6.35 L/hr/kg, and apparent volume of distribution: 37.90 L/kg.

    Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 19589735de Moraes NV et al; J Chromatog B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 877 (24): 2593-7 (2009)

  • Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) is ... a drug of abuse. When monitoring its abuse in urine, several alkaloids and their metabolites must be considered. In former studies, mitragynine (MG), its diastereomer speciogynine (SG), and paynantheine and their metabolites could be identified in rat and human urine using /Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectometry/ (LC-MS(n)). In Kratom users' urines, besides MG and SG, further isomeric compounds were detected. To elucidate whether the MG and SG diastereomer speciociliatine (SC) and its metabolites represent further compounds, the phase I and II metabolites of SC were identified first in rat urine after the administration of the pure alkaloid. Then,…

    Metabolism/Metabolites

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 21249338Philipp AA et al; Anal Bioanal Chem 399 (8): 2747-53 (2011)

  • ... The aim of /this/ study is to identify the phase I and II metabolites of mitragynine (MG) in rat and human urine after solid-phase extraction (SPE) using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry providing detailed structure information in the MSn mode particularly with high resolution. The seven identified phase I metabolites indicated that MG was metabolized by hydrolysis of the methylester in position 16, O-demethylation of the 9-methoxy group and of the 17-methoxy group, followed, via the intermediate aldehydes, by oxidation to carboxylic acids or reduction to alcohols and combinations of some steps. In rats, four metabolites were additionally conjugated to glucuronides…

    Metabolism/Metabolites

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 19536806Philipp AA et al; J Mass Spectrom 44 (8): 1249-61 (2009)

  • During studies on the main Kratom alkaloid mitragynine (MG) in rats and humans, several dehydro analogs could be detected in urine of Kratom users, which were not found in rat urine after administration of pure MG. Questions arose as to whether these compounds are formed from MG only by humans or whether they are metabolites formed from the second abundant Kratom alkaloid paynantheine (PAY), the dehydro analog of MG. Therefore, the aim of /this/ study was to identify the phase I and II metabolites of PAY in rat urine after administration of the pure alkaloid. This was first isolated from Kratom leaves. Liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry provided detailed structure inform…

    Metabolism/Metabolites

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 19902190Philipp AA et al; Anal Bioanal Chem 396 (7): 2379-91 (2010)

History, discovery and cultural use

— Not in this archive. PubChem, ChEMBL and the Human Protein Atlas publish pharmacology, regulation and toxicology, and none of them publishes a heading for when Mitragynine was first made, by whom, or how it has been used. That is a gap in the databases this site reads and not a gap in the literature — the history of these compounds is written, at length and under peer review, in the works below. This site does not summarize them; it says where they are. Where a published passage above happens to touch origin or traditional use, it appears inside the entry that carries it.

Histories of this field

Scholarship on psychedelics generally, not on Mitragynine specifically. Whether any of these treats this compound is a question for the book, not for this page.

  • Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic

    Traces mescaline and the peyote and San Pedro cacti from pre-Columbian ritual use through nineteenth-century chemistry to twentieth-century psychiatry and the counterculture.

    Jay M. Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic. Yale University Press, New Haven and London; 2019. ISBN 9780300231076.

  • Expanding Mindscapes: A Global History of Psychedelicsopen access

    Essays on the international and cross-cultural history of psychedelic science, deliberately decentring the standard North American and European account.

    Dyck E, Elcock C, editors. Expanding Mindscapes: A Global History of Psychedelics. The MIT Press, Cambridge MA; 2023. ISBN 9780262546935 (paper), 9780262376891 (open access). doi:10.7551/mitpress/14417.001.0001.

  • Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers

    Botany, ethnography and chemistry of the principal hallucinogenic plants, by the founder of modern ethnobotany and the chemist who first synthesized LSD.

    Schultes RE, Hofmann A, Rätsch C. Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers. 2nd ed. Healing Arts Press, Rochester VT; 2001. ISBN 9780892819799.

  • Psychonauts: Drugs and the Making of the Modern Mind

    The tradition of scientific self-experimentation with psychoactive drugs, and its part in the emergence of psychology and of modernism.

    Jay M. Psychonauts: Drugs and the Making of the Modern Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven; 2023. ISBN 9780300257946.

  • Ancient Psychoactive Substances

    Archaeological and bioarchaeological evidence for psychoactive plant use across the ancient world.

    Fitzpatrick SM, editor. Ancient Psychoactive Substances. University Press of Florida, Gainesville; 2018. ISBN 9780813056708.

  • History and Current Status of Psychedelics and Entactogens for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders

    A chapter tracing psychedelic and entactogen research from earlier ritual use through the mid-century research period to current clinical trials.

    Stroud C, Posey Norris SM, Matney C, editors. History and Current Status of Psychedelics and Entactogens for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. In: Exploring Psychedelics and Entactogens as Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, Washington DC; 2022. NBK587225.

    Workshop proceedings record what participants said; they are not a consensus statement of the National Academies.

  • Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions

    Peer-reviewed review covering the isolation, synthesis, pharmacology and ritual use of peyote and mescaline.

    Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions. Current Molecular Pharmacology 12(3):184–194; 2019. doi:10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.

Institutional archives

  • Heffter Research Institute Funds and coordinates clinical research on psilocybin, and keeps records of the studies it has supported since 1993. Sponsors the research it archives.
  • Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) Sponsors clinical research, chiefly on MDMA-assisted therapy, and publishes an archive of historical and contemporary documents. A sponsor and an advocacy organization, not a disinterested archive; its clinical programme has a commercial arm.

The rest of this dossier

  • Affinity — 34 measurements in this archive, equilibrium constants kept apart from functional readouts.
  • Toxicology — 5 published passages, plus any assay in this archive bearing on toxicity.
  • Legal — listed by the DEA among its drugs of concern, with no schedule stated in the record held here.
  • Systems — where this compound’s targets are transcribed, by brain region and tissue.

Passages via PubChem descriptive sections, aggregating DrugBank, LiverTox, FDA, DEA, HSDB, EPA. Each is quoted whole and attributed to the database that published it. The only prose written here about Mitragynine is the history note, which says so on its face and carries a reference for every claim in it.

II · Identity

Structure and descriptors

Descriptors are computed here with RDKit from the structure PubChem returns — not from the archive's stored copy, so an edited local structure cannot reach this table.

2D structural depiction of Mitragynine
Depiction served by PubChem for CID 3034396. Not redrawn here, so the picture and the identity come from the same record.
Formula
C23H30N2O4R
Molecular weight
398.50g/molR
Exact mass
398.2206DaR
cLogP
3.83R
TPSA
63.8ŲR
H-bond donors
1R
H-bond acceptors
5R
Rotatable bonds
5R
Aromatic rings
2R
Heavy atoms
29R
Fraction sp³
0.522R
Formal charge
0R

Computed with RDKit 2025.09.2 from the SMILES returned by PubChem. Audit run 26/09/2026.

Bemis–Murcko scaffold

c1ccc2c3c([nH]c2c1)[C@@H]1CCCCN1CC3

Shared with Corynantheidine, Paynantheine. All families

III · Behavior

Behavioral summary

Class, mechanism, and the duration of acute effects — each quoted from the record or trial that publishes it. Duration of effects and plasma half-life are shown separately, because they are different quantities and diverge by a factor of three or four.

Classification

MeSH indexes no pharmacological class for this compound.

Duration of acute subjective effects

—

No controlled human trial reporting a duration for this compound is cited here. The archive does hold onset and duration ranges for it, inherited from an earlier build, but their source column is empty and so they cannot be shown. A duration is not inferred from a chemical relative.

Plasma elimination half-life

How fast the body clears the drug — not how long the effects last. The two diverge sharply: LSD is cleared with a half-life of about 2.6 h while its subjective effects run 8–12 h.

23.2 ± 16.1 h

“From data of nine subjects, the pharmacokinetic parameters established were time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (0.83±0.35 hour), terminal half-life (23.24±16.07 hours), and the apparent volume of distribution (38.04±24.32 L/kg)”
Trakulsrichai S et al., Drug design, development and therapy 2015. PMID 25995615

Primary pharmacological drivers

ChEMBL holds no curated mechanism-of-action record for this compound. The measured affinities below are the evidence this archive has for what it binds.

Mechanism, as published

Quoted verbatim from the database named after each passage, never summarized.

  • ... Mitragynine (MIT), a mu-opioid agonist with antinociceptive and antitussive properties...
    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 19589735de Moraes NV et al; J Chromatog B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 877 (24): 2593-7 (2009)
  • Mitragynine, the major alkaloid identified from Kratom, has been reported as a partial opioid agonist producing similar effects to morphine. An interesting minor alkaloid of Kratom, 7-hydroxymitragynine, has been reported to be more potent than morphine. Both Kratom alkaloids are reported to activate supraspinal mu- and delta- opioid rece…
    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 18259963Babu KM et al; Clon Toxicol (Phila) 46 (2): 146-52 (2008)

IV · Clinical

Clinical description

Where this compound's substance class sits in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, and how much of the recorded literature speaks to each domain of a mental status examination.

No diagnostic chapter is shown for this compound. Either PubChem records no MeSH pharmacological class for it, or the class it records is not one of the substance classes ICD-11 gives a chapter to. Inferring a chapter from the compound’s name or its binding profile would be a diagnosis this archive is in no position to make.

How much has been written about each domain

The clinical domains, and how many of the records this archive holds for this compound say something under each. What the terms mean, and the word list behind every spoke, are set out in the method.

Affect0Mood1Perception0Cognition1Thought process0Thought content0Psychomotor activity1Insight and judgment0
This measures the literature, not the compound. Each spoke counts how many of the 8 records this archive holds for this compound say something under that domain — 1 at the widest ring. A long spoke means the subject has been written about, not that the effect is strong, and a spoke at the center means nothing here discusses it rather than that nothing happens. The terms behind each domain are listed in the method.
Mood 1
matched on “depression”, “euphoric” · in Toxicology: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
Cognition 1
matched on “concentrat” · in PMID 25995615
Psychomotor activity 1
matched on “sedat” · in Toxicology: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

V · Systems

Systems physiology

Where the targets this compound binds are transcribed — brain regions on the left, peripheral and autonomic tissues on the right. A join of two measurements, not a claim about what the compound does to either.

Brain

cerebral cortex — 18.2 nTPM, from HTR2A, ADRA2C, HTR1Acerebellum — 5.8 nTPM, from ADRA2A, OPRM1, ADRA2Chippocampal formation — 6.1 nTPM, from HTR1A, ADRA2C, HTR2Aamygdala — 6.4 nTPM, from ADRA2C, HTR2A, DRD2hypothalamus — 10.8 nTPM, from DRD2, ADRA2A, ADRA2Cthalamus — no resolved target expressed herebasal ganglia — 62.0 nTPM, from DRD2, DRD1, ADRA2Cmedulla oblongata — no resolved target expressed here

basal ganglia: drawn as the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.

Measured but not drawn — this anatomogram has no outline for them: midbrain 92.9, pituitary gland 56.6, retina 10.8, spinal cord 1.4.

Body

heart — 9.4 nTPM, from ADRA2B, ADRA2C, HTR2Bsmooth muscle — 15.7 nTPM, from HTR2B, ADRA2A, HTR2Alung — 4.3 nTPM, from ADRA2A, ADRA2C, HTR2Bliver — 6.3 nTPM, from ADRA2B, HTR2B, ADRA2Akidney — 33.4 nTPM, from ADRA2C, ADRA2B, ADRA2Astomach — 4.4 nTPM, from HTR2B, ADRA2A, ADRA2Cduodenum — 9.4 nTPM, from ADRA2A, HTR1D, HTR2Bsmall intestine — 7.1 nTPM, from HTR1D, HTR2B, ADRA2Acolon — 8.5 nTPM, from HTR2B, ADRA2A, ADRA2Cadrenal gland — 17.2 nTPM, from HTR2B, DRD2, ADRA2Cthyroid gland — 8.7 nTPM, from ADRA2A, HTR2B, ADRA2Cpancreas — 28.8 nTPM, from ADRA2A, ADRA2C, ADRA2Burinary bladder — 14.8 nTPM, from ADRA2A, ADRA2C, ADRA2Bskeletal muscle — 6.0 nTPM, from ADRA2B, ADRA2C, OPRK1spleen — 20.8 nTPM, from ADRA2C, ADRA2A, ADRA2Bsalivary gland — 11.3 nTPM, from DRD2, ADRA2A, ADRA2B
093 nTPM

Square-root ramp · shared scale across both plates

Shading is transcript level — not affinity, and not affinity combined with expression. Outlined but unshaded organs hold none of this compound’s resolved targets above the atlas’s detection threshold. Anatomy from EMBL-EBI Anatomogram (Apache License 2.0); regions identified by Uberon (uberon.org), CC BY 3.0.

Brain regions

Regions where this compound's measured targets are transcribed. Linked from the plate above.

  1. midbrain

    92.9 nTPM

  2. basal ganglia

    62.0 nTPM

  3. pituitary gland

    56.6 nTPM

  4. cerebral cortex

    18.2 nTPM

  5. hypothalamus

    10.8 nTPM

  6. retina

    10.8 nTPM

  7. amygdala

    6.4 nTPM

  8. hippocampal formation

    6.1 nTPM

  9. cerebellum

    5.8 nTPM

  10. spinal cord

    1.4 nTPM

Peripheral & autonomic

Tissues outside the CNS expressing the same targets — where a compound's bodily effects become possible.

  1. kidney

    33.4 nTPM

  2. pancreas

    28.8 nTPM

  3. spleen

    20.8 nTPM

  4. adrenal gland

    17.2 nTPM

  5. smooth muscle

    15.7 nTPM

  6. urinary bladder

    14.8 nTPM

  7. salivary gland

    11.3 nTPM

  8. duodenum

    9.4 nTPM

  9. heart muscle

    9.4 nTPM

  10. thyroid gland

    8.7 nTPM

  11. colon

    8.5 nTPM

  12. small intestine

    7.1 nTPM

  13. liver

    6.3 nTPM

  14. skeletal muscle

    6.0 nTPM

  15. stomach 1

    4.4 nTPM

  16. lung

    4.3 nTPM

Each row joins two published measurements and nothing else: the affinity this archive holds for the compound at that target, and the transcript level the Human Protein Atlas reports for that target’s gene in that region. Bars scale with expression only. Expression is not activation — a receptor transcribed in a region is a receptor available to be bound there, which is a weaker and more defensible claim than saying the region is affected.

2 of this compound’s targets could not be resolved to a gene and are absent from both columns: Sigma 1, Sigma 2.

Expression data from Human Protein Atlas (CC BY-SA 3.0), RNA expression, nTPM (normalized transcripts per million), consensus tissue dataset. Uhlén M, et al. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015;347(6220):1260419.

VI · Profile

Affinity rosette

The strongest measurement at each of 16 molecular targets. Cell-line and whole-organism screens are excluded here — they carry no affinity — and appear in the table below.

5-HT1A — Ki 6.79 pX5-HT2B — Ki 6.52 pX5-HT7 — Ki 6.06 pX5-HT1D — Ki 5.59 pX5-HT2A — Ki 5.36 pXD2 — Ki 5.77 pXD1 — Ki 5.56 pXAlpha2B — Ki 5.99 pXAlpha2C — Ki 5.84 pXAlpha2A — Ki 5.44 pXMOR — Ki 8.14 pXDOR — Ki 7.22 pXKOR — Ki 6.91 pXSigma 1 — Ki 5.35 pXSigma 2 — Ki 5.15 pXDAT — Ki 5.22 pX5-HT1A5-HT2B5-HT75-HT1D5-HT2AD2D1Alpha2BAlpha2CAlpha2AMORDORKORSigma 1Sigma 2DAT579
Fig. Radius is pX = −log₁₀(value in M), that is 9 − log₁₀(value in nM), computed from the normalized measurement. Hatched wedges are equilibrium binding constants (Ki, Kd); dashed outlines are functional readouts (IC₅₀, EC₅₀, AC₅₀, potency), which answer a different question and are not pooled with them. Rings mark whole pX units from 5 to 10, labeled every second ring in the gutter at the top. Where a target carries several measurements, the strongest is drawn.

VII · Toxicology

Toxicological profile

What has been measured, and what has been published — kept apart, and neither scored. There is no risk rating on this page; the archive once carried one, identical for every compound, produced by a stub.

Measured in this archive

Assays that bear on toxicity, drawn from the same ChEMBL records as everything else on this page. They are measurements of what a compound binds or does to cells — not verdicts about what it does to a person.

No hERG, cytochrome, cytotoxicity or transport measurement exists for Mitragynine in this archive.

As published

Quoted verbatim from the database named after each passage, never summarized — a summary of a toxicology statement is a new claim.

Human Toxicity Excerpts

  • /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The primary active alkaloid in kratom is mitragynine; however, other alkaloids are present and account for a variety of effects, which are dose-dependent. Low doses usually produce stimulant effects; higher doses usually produce sedative and euphoric effects. Some users report "lucid dreaming." Individuals who chronically use kratom become thin, their skin darkens (particularly the cheeks), and t…

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)DEA; Selected Intelligence Brief: Herbal Drug Update: Kratom. In: Microgram Bulletin 38 (7): 114 (July 2005)

  • /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Users who combine kratom with nervous system depressants may experience respiratory depression, which may cause them to stop breathing. /Kratom/

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)DEA; Selected Intelligence Brief: Herbal Drug Update: Kratom. In: Microgram Bulletin 38 (7): 114 (July 2005)

  • /CASE REPORTS/ ... A patient who had abruptly ceased injection hydromorphone abuse self-managed opioid withdrawal and chronic pain using kratom. After co-administering the herb with modafinil he experienced a tonic-clonic seizure, but he reported only modest abstinence once kratom administration stopped. ... The identity of the plant matter he ingested as kratom /was confirmend and no contaminants or adulterants were…

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 18482427Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670991

  • /CASE REPORTS/ A team of Swedish forensic physicians have concluded that nine young people have died over the past year after having taken the legal drug Krypton. ... /Aside from the leaves and extracts from kratom, Krypton has also been found to contain caffeine and the synthetic opioid O-Desmethyltramadol. O-Desmethyltramadol is a breakdown of the product tramadol, which is prescribed in moderation to alleviate se…

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 21294331Backstrom BG et al; Lakartidningen 107 (50): 3196-7 (2010) (Article in Swedish) .

  • For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Mitragynine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

Published passages via PubChem toxicology sections, aggregating Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), RTECS, LiverTox. No figure on this page is scored, ranked or combined into a risk level.

VIII · Evidence

Every measurement

One row per published value. The identifier in the last column resolves to the ChEMBL assay record it was read from.

Equilibrium binding constants 31

Ki and Kd — a concentration at equilibrium. Directly comparable across rows at the same target.

TargetClassTypeValue (nM)pXOrganismAssay
MOROpioid receptorsKi7.208.14Cavia porcellusCHEMBL2399303
MOROpioid receptorsKi7.248.14Cavia porcellusCHEMBL752039
MOROpioid receptorsKi13.007.89Cavia porcellusCHEMBL4409333
UncheckedUnclassifiedKi60.007.22— organism not recordedCHEMBL2399302
DOROpioid receptorsKi60.267.22Homo sapiensCHEMBL857861
KOROpioid receptorsKi1236.91Cavia porcellusCHEMBL4409335
MOROpioid receptorsKi1496.83HUMANPDSP
UncheckedUnclassifiedKi1556.81— organism not recordedCHEMBL4409334
5-HT1ASerotonin receptorsKi1616.79HUMANPDSP
MOROpioid receptorsKi2336.63Homo sapiensCHEMBL5127525
5-HT2BSerotonin receptorsKi3056.52HUMANPDSP
KOROpioid receptorsKi3876.41HUMANPDSP
KOROpioid receptorsKi7726.11Homo sapiensCHEMBL5127527
5-HT7Serotonin receptorsKi8656.06HUMANPDSP
Alpha2BAdrenergic receptorsKi1,0305.99HUMANPDSP
KOROpioid receptorsKi1,0965.96Cavia porcellusCHEMBL758257
MOROpioid receptorsKi1,1005.96HUMANPDSP
KOROpioid receptorsKi1,2605.90HUMANPDSP
Alpha2CAdrenergic receptorsKi1,4545.84HUMANPDSP
D2Dopamine receptorsKi1,6835.77HUMANPDSP
5-HT1DSerotonin receptorsKi2,5635.59HUMANPDSP
DOROpioid receptorsKi2,6375.58GUINEA PIGPDSP
D1Dopamine receptorsKi2,7365.56HUMANPDSP
Alpha2AAdrenergic receptorsKi3,6735.44HUMANPDSP
5-HT1ASerotonin receptorsKi3,7085.43HUMANPDSP
5-HT2BSerotonin receptorsKi3,7885.42HUMANPDSP
5-HT2ASerotonin receptorsKi4,3935.36HUMANPDSP
Sigma 1Sigma receptorsKi4,4715.35RATPDSP
DATMonoamine transportersKi5,9625.22HUMANPDSP
Sigma 2Sigma receptorsKi7,1115.15RATPDSP
H3UnclassifiedKi8,0675.09HUMANPDSP

Functional readouts 3

IC₅₀, EC₅₀, AC₅₀ and potency. Assay-dependent, and not interchangeable with a binding constant.

TargetClassTypeValue (nM)pXOrganismAssay
KOROpioid receptorsEC502306.64Cavia porcellusCHEMBL4409342
MOROpioid receptorsEC502306.64Cavia porcellusCHEMBL4409340
UncheckedUnclassifiedEC502306.64— organism not recordedCHEMBL4409341
P
PubChem
C
ChEMBL
R
Computed here with RDKit
D
Derived here from the stored measurement

IX · Trials

Registered clinical trials

Studies filed with ClinicalTrials.gov that name this compound as an intervention. A registered trial is a protocol, not a result — status and enrollment are printed beside every row, and withdrawn studies are counted rather than hidden.

2T

Registered studies

2T

Open or ongoing

2T

With a phase recorded

By phase

A study may carry two phase codes at once, so these count studies bearing each phase and do not sum to the total.

  • Phase 11
  • Phase 31

By status

The registry’s own status for each record. Withdrawn and terminated studies are counted here rather than hidden — a stopped trial is part of what is known.

  • Not yet recruiting2

Every matched study

Newest first by start date. Each identifier opens the registry record it came from; the title is the sponsor’s own, quoted.

  • NCT07713771Not yet recruiting · Phase 3

    Effectiveness of Mitragynine Topical Patch for Pain Reduction in Myofascial Pain Syndrome

    Enrollment
    64Testimated
    Started
    2026-10-01
    Sponsor
    Prince of Songkla University

    Conditions Topical Analgesia · Myofascial Pain Syndrome - Neck

    Matched “Mitragynine” in the study’s intervention “mitragynine topical patch from kratom”

  • NCT07204171Not yet recruiting · Phase 1

    Phase 1 Study of Oral MG001

    Enrollment
    32Testimated
    Started
    2026-09
    Sponsor
    National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

    Conditions Safety and Tolerability in Healthy Subjects

    Matched “Mitragynine” in the study’s intervention “mitragynine”

Records from ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine, NIH), API v2. A study is listed against a compound only when a verified name for that compound appears as a whole word in one of the study's own intervention names. A short code must appear as written, and a name the registry uses for something else (Aleph, a vaccine maker) is not matched. Title matches are not accepted. The matched name and the intervention text it matched are shown with every row.

Searched as Mitragynine · (-)-Mitragynine · 9-Methoxycorynantheidine. Run this search at the registry — it returns the unfiltered result, including studies this page rejected as belonging to a different molecule.

A registered trial is a protocol somebody filed with the registry. It is not a result, and nothing on this plate says whether Mitragynine worked.

XI · Literature

Sources behind this dossier

The papers this compound's values were read from, ranked by what each contributed. Not a review of the field.

Every paper below is one some value on this page came from — a binding constant, a passage of pharmacology or toxicology, or a measured duration. Each entry says what this archive took from it. Nothing else is claimed about any of them: the title is the study’s own account of itself, and a summary written here would be an assertion with no source behind it.

  1. 01

    Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man

    Trakulsrichai S, Sathirakul K, Auparakkitanon S et al. · Drug design, development and therapy 2015

    • · Plasma elimination half-life

    PMID 25995615

  2. 02

    [Krypton--new, deadly Internet drug. Since October 2009 have nine young persons died in Sweden]

    Bäckstrom BG, Classon G, Löwenhielm P et al. · Lakartidningen 2010

    • · Human Toxicity Excerpts

    PMID 21294331

  3. 03

    Determination of mitragynine in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetics

    de Moraes NV, Moretti RA, Furr EB 3rd et al. · Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 2009

    • · Mechanism of Action

    PMID 19589735

  4. 04

    Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom

    Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW · Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2008

    • · Mechanism of Action

    PMID 18259963

  5. 05

    Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth)

    Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE et al. · Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2008

    • · Human Toxicity Excerpts

    PMID 18482427