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Plate XISandbox · simulation

Lisuride

Targets in the model

23

each with a measured Kᵢ

A one-compartment model of what Lisuride might do over time, at a dose and by a route you choose. The affinities driving the occupancy calculation are measured and this archive holds them; the pharmacokinetics are mostly estimated, and the table at the foot of the page says which is which. The measured dossier · method

Nothing on this page was measured. Every curve is computed from the table below. 5 of 5 parameters for Lisuride are estimates rather than published values, and the only measured quantities in the whole calculation are the affinities — the Kᵢ this archive holds for each target. Change any number and the figures follow it.

The input

Route
Dose mg
Bodyweight kg
Window h

First-order gastrointestinal absorption with a rate constant giving a peak near one hour, and a bioavailability reduced by first-pass metabolism. Both are class placeholders; where a compound has a published oral F it overrides this. Bioavailability for this route is 0.3 and the absorption rate constant 1.2 h⁻¹, both properties of the route rather than of Lisuride.

Modelled concentration

3 h 36 min

0:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:00Peak plasma — 1 h 43 min (model)Peak effect site — 2 h 8 min (model)nMH:MM
03 h 36 min12 h
Plasma, total — 33 nMBrain, unbound — 9.93 nMEffect site — 11 nM

One compartment with first-order absorption. It cannot show a distribution phase, so the first minutes after an intravenous dose are the least trustworthy part of the curve. Peak effect-site concentration is 13 nM.

Reported milestones

Model landmarks

These are not observations. Each one is a feature of the curve above, read off the figure and moving with it whenever you change a parameter.

  • Dose given0

    The model starts here.

  • Peak plasma1 h 43 min

    Modelled maximum of 42.7 nM total plasma concentration.

  • Peak effect site2 h 8 min

    Modelled maximum of 12.6 nM at the effect site — the concentration the occupancy below is computed from.

Modelled receptor occupancy at 3 h 36 min

O = C/(C+Kᵢ) at the effect-site concentration above. The Kᵢ is measured and this archive holds it; the C is modelled. Equilibrium is assumed at every instant, with no receptor reserve, no active metabolite and no tolerance.

The archive holds measurements of this pair that disagree by more than a hundredfold, so the single number beside it is not settled. The strongest is shown — in this archive the strongest measurement is usually the best one rather than an outlier, because weak values are disproportionately old tissue preparations — but the range is what the sources actually support: D3 0.28–136 nM across 4; 5-HT1D 0.98–114 nM across 7.

03 h 36 min12 h

Modelled regional engagement

Occupancy at each target multiplied by that target’s transcript level in the region, summed. This product is the model speaking. A dossier’s Systems plate deliberately refuses to compute it, because there it would read as a finding; here it is an output with its assumptions on the page. Transcript is not receptor density, and a region shaded here is a region where the model says binding could occur, not one shown to be affected.

And nothing checks it. The concentration plot above carries reported milestones because human studies state times; this figure has no counterpart. The human imaging work this archive cites reports connectivity change across a cortical parcellation, which is a different quantity in a different set of regions — the atlas holds the cortex as one — so it can neither confirm nor contradict the shading here, and translating it onto these thirteen regions would assert a correspondence nobody has published.

Brain

cerebral cortex — modelled engagement 58.3cerebellum — modelled engagement 17.1hippocampal formation — modelled engagement 35.9amygdala — modelled engagement 31.0hypothalamus — modelled engagement 46.0dorsal plus ventral thalamus — modelled engagement 0.0caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus — modelled engagement 142.0medulla oblongata — modelled engagement 0.0

Body

heart — modelled engagement 45.0smooth muscle tissue — modelled engagement 27.7lung — modelled engagement 33.3liver — modelled engagement 62.3kidney — modelled engagement 55.0stomach — modelled engagement 24.9duodenum — modelled engagement 21.8small intestine — modelled engagement 27.7colon — modelled engagement 28.1adrenal gland — modelled engagement 33.7thyroid gland — modelled engagement 18.1pancreas — modelled engagement 36.2urinary bladder — modelled engagement 34.3skeletal muscle tissue — modelled engagement 21.0spleen — modelled engagement 58.6saliva-secreting gland — modelled engagement 32.5

Shading is on a fixed scale — the strongest engagement reached anywhere during the whole run — so the figures dim as the compound clears instead of renormalising to whatever the current instant happens to hold. Outlines from the EMBL-EBI Anatomogram, the same plates the dossiers use.

Brain regions

  • basal ganglia
  • pituitary gland
  • cerebral cortex
  • hypothalamus
  • midbrain
  • hippocampal formation
  • amygdala
  • cerebellum
  • retina
  • spinal cord

Peripheral & autonomic

  • liver
  • spleen
  • kidney
  • heart muscle
  • pancreas
  • urinary bladder
  • adrenal gland
  • lung
  • salivary gland
  • colon
  • small intestine
  • smooth muscle
03 h 36 min12 h

Parameters

The whole model is these five numbers plus the route. Each says whether anyone measured it for Lisuride. Edit any of them; nothing here is written back to the archive.

Elimination half-lifeestimated
h

How long the plasma concentration takes to halve once absorption is over.

Median terminal half-life across the compounds here with a published one. Applied to Lisuride because no value for it was found.

Volume of distributionestimated
L/kg

Apparent volume the dose would occupy at the plasma concentration. Large means the compound leaves the blood for tissue.

Median apparent volume across the compounds in this file with a published value. These are mostly lipophilic amines that distribute well beyond total body water (0.6 L/kg), so a value in the low single digits is the right order; a highly lipophilic cannabinoid is an order of magnitude higher and is given its own value. Applied to Lisuride because no value for it was found.

Fraction unboundestimated

The share of plasma drug not bound to protein. Only unbound drug crosses into the brain.

Plasma protein binding is unmeasured for most of this archive. 0.3 is unremarkable for a small lipophilic base; a strongly bound cannabinoid is nearer 0.03 and is set individually. Applied to Lisuride because no value for it was found.

Brain:plasma unbound ratioestimated

Unbound brain concentration divided by unbound plasma. Below 1 implies active efflux; 1 is passive equilibration.

Unbound brain concentration equal to unbound plasma — i.e. passive equilibration with no net transport. This is the least committal assumption available and it is certainly wrong in detail for any compound that is a P-glycoprotein substrate, where the true value is below 1. Applied to Lisuride because no value for it was found.

Effect-site equilibrationestimated
1/h

How fast the receptor compartment follows plasma. Small values put the peak effect long after the peak concentration.

Effect-site equilibration half-time of about 14 minutes, chosen so that modelled occupancy lags plasma by roughly the delay between peak plasma and peak subjective effect reported for the compounds here that have both. Applied to Lisuride because no value for it was found.