Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
PubChem records this structure as Tetrahydrocannabinol.
Also known asDelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol · Dronabinol · THC · Marinol · delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol · delta9-THC · delta1-THC · delta-9-THC
(6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol
I · Summary
What is known
Published passages, each quoted whole and attributed to the database that published it. Two blocks are written here rather than quoted, and both say so where they stand: the synthesized summary at the top, which may draw only on the passages beneath it, and the history note, which cites the works it came from. Every claim in either carries a marker to its source.
No synthesized summary
31 passages, the most of any compound, and the largest share of them are dosing, formulation and regulatory detail for named pharmaceutical products. Summarizing those accurately means reproducing dose figures in synthesized prose, which is the one place a marker does not protect a reader who misreads the sentence.
What it is
delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) can cause developmental toxicity according to an independent committee of scientific and health experts.
1-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol appears as brown amorphous semi-solid, viscous oil or chunky golden yellow solid. (NTP, 1992)
CAMEO ChemicalsNational Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol is a diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. It has a role as a metabolite, a non-narcotic analgesic, a hallucinogen, an epitope and a cannabinoid receptor agonist. It is a diterpenoid, a polyketide, a benzochromene and a phytocannabinoid.
Dronabinol is a DEA Schedule II controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule II have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. It is a Hallucinogenic substances substance.
Recognized use
Hallucinogens Psychotropic Drugs Analgesics, Non-Narcotic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists
Therapeutic Uses
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 2017); Available from, as of September 13, 2017: https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013759
Dronabinol capsules are indicated for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments. /Included in US product label/
Therapeutic Uses
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for DRONABINOL capsule (September 2015). Available from, as of September 13, 2017: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=68b4168b-5782-4e68-a25a-5b4e4408dbce
Dronabinol is used for the treatment of anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dronabinol is designated an orphan drug by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in this condition.
Therapeutic Uses
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011
/EXPL THER/ BACKGROUND: Cannabis use disorder is associated with substantial morbidity and, after alcohol, is the most common drug bringing adolescents and adults into treatment. At present, there are no FDA-approved medications for cannabis use disorder. Combined pharmacologic interventions might be particularly useful in mitigating withdrawal symptoms and promoting abstinence. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of dronabinol, a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a naturally occurring pharmacologically active component of marijuana, and lofexidine, an alpha-2 agonist, in treating cannabis dependence. METHODS: One hundred fifty six canna…
Therapeutic Uses
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 26711160Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729291
Dronabinol is indicated for the treatment of anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS, and nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments.
Drug Indication
The Cannabis sativa plant produces numerous bioactive compounds with potential medical benefits, including terpenes, flavonoids, and cannabinoids. Among these, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most extensively researched and studied compounds. THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects associated with cannabis consumption. Historically, cannabis was predominantly utilized for recreational purposes due to its psychoactive properties. However, more recently, there has been significant interest in its potential medical applications. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes the potential value of cannabis for medical purposes and acknowledges th…
Drug Indication
Dronabinol is a synthetic form of tetrahydrocannabinol ('THC'), which obtained FDA approval in 1985 for the treatment of HIV/AIDs-induced anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ('CINV') in patients who do not successfully respond to conventional antiemetics. Dronabinol also has off-label use to treat obstructive sleep apnea with mixed and unclear efficacy (only Phase II trials). Therefore, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine does not support its use until reliable data is available (such as Phase III trials). Recent studies also utilized dronabinol in chronic pain patients, which showed efficacy compared to placebo, but further research is necessary. Additionally, current f…
Drug Indication
The primary psychoactive component of cannabis; Used therapeutically as antiemetic and appetite stimulant; [Merck Index]
Use Classification
Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational DiseasesMerck Index - O'Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Dobbelaar PH, Roman KJ (eds). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013.
Tetrahydrocannabinols (DEA Code Number: 7370) is a Schedule I contolled substance. /Tetrahydrocannabinols/
Use Classification
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)21 CFR 1308.11(d) (USDEA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 19, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
Marihuana (DEA Code Number: 7360) is a Schedule I controlled substance. /Marihuana/
Use Classification
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)21 CFR 1308.11(d) (USDEA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 19, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
Dronabinol [(-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol] in an oral solution in a drug product approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (DEA Code Number: 7365) is a Schedule II controlled substance. /Dronabinol/
Use Classification
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)21 CFR 1308.12(f) (USDEA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 19, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
How it acts
- Cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonistAGONISTPMID 16570099
Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). THC demonstrates its effects through weak partial agonist activity at Cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid-2 (CB2R) receptors, which results in the well-known effects of smoking cannabis such as increased appetite, reduced pain, and changes in emotional and cognitive processes.
The availability of potent synthetic agonists for cannabinoid receptors has facilitated our understanding of cannabinoid actions on synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Moreover, the ability of these compounds to inhibit neurotransmitter release at many central synapses is thought to underlie most of the behavioral effects of cannabinoid agonists. However, despite the widespread use and misuse of marijuana, and recognition of its potential adverse psychological effects in humans, comparatively few studies have examined the actions of its primary psychoactive constituent, delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), at well-defined synaptic pathways. Here we examine the recent literat…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 23209160Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721267
Behavior carries the pharmacological classes and the acute-effect durations, with plasma half-life kept separate from duration of effect.
In the body
Dronabinol is almost completely absorbed (90 to 95%) after a single oral dose. Due to the combined effects of first-pass hepatic metabolism and high lipid solubility, only 10 to 20% of the administered dose reaches systemic circulation. Relative bioavailability data from healthy male and female subjects suggest that a dose of 4.2 mg of SYNDROS provides comparable systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC) to a 5 mg dronabinol capsule, under fasted conditions, with the Cmax and AUCinf of 1.9 ± 1.3 ng/mL and 3.8 ± 1.8 ng.h/mL respectively. The concentrations of both dronabinol and its major active metabolite (11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC) peak at approximately 0.5 to 4 hours after oral dosing with SYNDROS and…
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Dronabinol and its biotransformation products are excreted in both feces and urine. Biliary excretion is the major route of excretion with about half of a radiolabeled oral dose being recovered from the feces within 72 hours as contrasted with 10 to 15% recovered from urine. Less than 5% of an oral dose is recovered unchanged in the feces. Due to its redistribution, dronabinol and its metabolites may be excreted for prolonged periods of time. Following single-dose administration, dronabinol metabolites have been detected for more than 5 weeks in the urine and feces. In a study of dronabinol capsules involving AIDS patients, urinary cannabinoid/creatinine concentration ratios were studied b…
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Dronabinol has a large apparent volume of distribution, approximately 10 L/kg, because of its lipid solubility.
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The value for clearance average is about 0.2 L/kg-hr but is highly variable due to the complexity of cannabinoid distribution.
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
THC is primarily metabolized in the liver by microsomal hydroxylation and oxidation reactions catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 enzymes. 11-hydroxy-▵9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) is the primary active metabolite, capable of producing psychological and behavioural effects, which is then metabolized into 11-nor-9-carboxy-▵ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), THC's primary inactive metabolite. Dronabinol and its principal active metabolite, 11-OH-delta-9-THC, are present in approximately equal concentrations in plasma. Concentrations of both parent drug and metabolite peak at approximately 0.5 to 4 hours after oral dosing and decline over several days.
Metabolism/Metabolites
The analgesic activity of delta-8- and delta-9-THC is mainly due to the 11-hydroxy metabolite.
Metabolism/Metabolites
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)Wilson RS, May EL; J Med Chem 18: 700-3 (1975) as cited in DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 52: Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability p.71 (1984) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)87-1332
The metabolism of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is relatively complex, and over 80 metabolites have been identified. However, much less is known about the formation and fate of cannabinoid conjugates. Bile excretion is known to be an important route for the elimination of phase II metabolites. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS procedure for measuring cannabinoids in oral fluid was adapted, validated and applied to 10 bile samples. THC, 11-hydroxy-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THC-A), 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta(9)-tetrahy…
Metabolism/Metabolites
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 22980143Fabritius M et al; Forensic Sci Int 223 (1-3): 114-8 (2012)
The presence of the metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (C-THC) in hair is generally accepted as the definitive proof of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ingestion. During hair analysis, the removal of any potential C-THC external contamination that could result from marijuana smoke or close personal contact via a wash procedure is critical. Here, we performed a series of experiments to demonstrate that C-THC is the reliable indicator of marijuana ingestion when paired with the correct washing procedure to remove potential external contamination.
Metabolism/Metabolites
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 27185816Hill VA et al; J Anal Toxicol 40 (5): 345-9 (2016)
History, discovery and cultural use
— Not in this archive. PubChem, ChEMBL and the Human Protein Atlas publish pharmacology, regulation and toxicology, and none of them publishes a heading for when Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was first made, by whom, or how it has been used. That is a gap in the databases this site reads and not a gap in the literature — the history of these compounds is written, at length and under peer review, in the works below. This site does not summarize them; it says where they are. Where a published passage above happens to touch origin or traditional use, it appears inside the entry that carries it.
Histories of this field
Scholarship on psychedelics generally, not on Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) specifically. Whether any of these treats this compound is a question for the book, not for this page.
Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic
Traces mescaline and the peyote and San Pedro cacti from pre-Columbian ritual use through nineteenth-century chemistry to twentieth-century psychiatry and the counterculture.
Jay M. Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic. Yale University Press, New Haven and London; 2019. ISBN 9780300231076.
Expanding Mindscapes: A Global History of Psychedelicsopen access
Essays on the international and cross-cultural history of psychedelic science, deliberately decentring the standard North American and European account.
Dyck E, Elcock C, editors. Expanding Mindscapes: A Global History of Psychedelics. The MIT Press, Cambridge MA; 2023. ISBN 9780262546935 (paper), 9780262376891 (open access). doi:10.7551/mitpress/14417.001.0001.
Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers
Botany, ethnography and chemistry of the principal hallucinogenic plants, by the founder of modern ethnobotany and the chemist who first synthesized LSD.
Schultes RE, Hofmann A, Rätsch C. Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers. 2nd ed. Healing Arts Press, Rochester VT; 2001. ISBN 9780892819799.
Psychonauts: Drugs and the Making of the Modern Mind
The tradition of scientific self-experimentation with psychoactive drugs, and its part in the emergence of psychology and of modernism.
Jay M. Psychonauts: Drugs and the Making of the Modern Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven; 2023. ISBN 9780300257946.
Ancient Psychoactive Substances
Archaeological and bioarchaeological evidence for psychoactive plant use across the ancient world.
Fitzpatrick SM, editor. Ancient Psychoactive Substances. University Press of Florida, Gainesville; 2018. ISBN 9780813056708.
A chapter tracing psychedelic and entactogen research from earlier ritual use through the mid-century research period to current clinical trials.
Stroud C, Posey Norris SM, Matney C, editors. History and Current Status of Psychedelics and Entactogens for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. In: Exploring Psychedelics and Entactogens as Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, Washington DC; 2022. NBK587225.
Workshop proceedings record what participants said; they are not a consensus statement of the National Academies.
Peer-reviewed review covering the isolation, synthesis, pharmacology and ritual use of peyote and mescaline.
Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions. Current Molecular Pharmacology 12(3):184–194; 2019. doi:10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.
Institutional archives
- Heffter Research Institute Funds and coordinates clinical research on psilocybin, and keeps records of the studies it has supported since 1993. Sponsors the research it archives.
- Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) Sponsors clinical research, chiefly on MDMA-assisted therapy, and publishes an archive of historical and contemporary documents. A sponsor and an advocacy organization, not a disinterested archive; its clinical programme has a commercial arm.
The rest of this dossier
- Affinity — 65 measurements in this archive, equilibrium constants kept apart from functional readouts.
- Toxicology — 15 published passages, plus any assay in this archive bearing on toxicity.
- Legal — DEA Schedule II and III, with the passage it was read from.
- Systems — where this compound’s targets are transcribed, by brain region and tissue.
Passages via PubChem descriptive sections, aggregating DrugBank, LiverTox, FDA, DEA, HSDB, EPA. Each is quoted whole and attributed to the database that published it. The only prose written here about Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the history note, which says so on its face and carries a reference for every claim in it.
II · Identity
Structure and descriptors
Descriptors are computed here with RDKit from the structure PubChem returns — not from the archive's stored copy, so an edited local structure cannot reach this table.
- Formula
- C21H30O2R
- Molecular weight
- 314.47g/molR
- Exact mass
- 314.2246DaR
- cLogP
- 5.74R
- TPSA
- 29.5ŲR
- H-bond donors
- 1R
- H-bond acceptors
- 2R
- Rotatable bonds
- 4R
- Aromatic rings
- 1R
- Heavy atoms
- 23R
- Fraction sp³
- 0.619R
- Formal charge
- 0R
Computed with RDKit 2025.09.2 from the SMILES returned by PubChem. Audit run 26/09/2026.
Bemis–Murcko scaffold
C1=C[C@H]2c3ccccc3OC[C@@H]2CC1
Shared with 11-Hydroxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Tetrahydrocannabiphorol, Tetrahydrocannabivarin, THC-O-acetate. All families
III · Behavior
Behavioral summary
Class, mechanism, and the duration of acute effects — each quoted from the record or trial that publishes it. Duration of effects and plasma half-life are shown separately, because they are different quantities and diverge by a factor of three or four.
Classification
Duration of acute subjective effects
3.3–4.3 h
vaporized cannabis, 2.9% and 6.7% Δ9-THC; 19 healthy adults
“Subjective effects persisted through 3.3-4.3 h, with alcohol potentiating the duration of the cannabis effects”
~5 h to recovery of driving-related cognitive skills
inhaled 20 mg Δ9-THC
“The latter model predicted that most driving-related cognitive skills would 'recover' (Hedges' g=-0.25) within ∼5-hs (and almost all within ∼7-hs) of inhaling 20 mg of Δ9-THC; oral Δ9-THC-induced impairment may take longer to subside”
Plasma elimination half-life
How fast the body clears the drug — not how long the effects last. The two diverge sharply: LSD is cleared with a half-life of about 2.6 h while its subjective effects run 8–12 h.
The elimination phase of dronabinol can be described using a two-compartment model with an initial (alpha) half-life of about 4 hours and a terminal (beta) half-life of 25 to 36 hours.
DrugBank After the pseudo-equilibrium is reached, THC is then slowly eliminated. This slow elimination is primarily due to the slow return of THC from sequestered tissues to blood. The terminal half-life of THC is approximately 1 day. /Several investigators have/ suggested terminal half-life /ranging between/ 19 to 36 hours. There are no significa…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)DHHS/NIDA; Research Monograph Series 79: Structure-Activity Relationships of the Cannabinoids p.XX (1987) DHHS Pub No. (ADM)90-1534 The elimination half-life of dronabinol (delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol) in 3 chronic marihuana users following smoking 4 cigarettes over a 2 day period is reported. The elimination half-life in blood plasma was calculated to be 4.1 days (range 2.9-5.0 days).
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)Johansson E et al; J Pharm Pharmcol 40: 374-5 (1988)
Primary pharmacological drivers
- Cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist16570099
Mechanism, as published
Quoted verbatim from the database named after each passage, never summarized.
The availability of potent synthetic agonists for cannabinoid receptors has facilitated our understanding of cannabinoid actions on synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Moreover, the ability of these compounds to inhibit neurotransmitter release at many central synapses is thought to underlie most of the behavioral effects…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 23209160Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721267 Cannabis has potential therapeutic use but tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its main psychoactive component, appears as a risk factor for ischemic stroke in young adults. We therefore evaluate the effects of THC on brain mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, key factors involved in stroke. Maximal oxidative capacities V max (complexes I…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 25654095Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310259 MDSCs are potent immunosuppressive cells that are induced during inflammatory responses, as well as by cancers, to evade the antitumor immunity. We recently demonstrated that marijuana cannabinoids are potent inducers of MDSCs. In the current study, we investigated the epigenetic mechanisms through which THC, an exogenous cannabinoid, ind…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 25713087Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4370051 Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). THC demonstrates its effects through weak partial agonist activity at Cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid-2 (CB2R) receptors, which results in the well-known effects of smoking cannabis such as increased ap…
DrugBank Dronabinol-induced sympathomimetic activity may result in tachycardia and/or conjunctival injection. Its effects on blood pressure are inconsistent, but subjects have experienced orthostatic hypotension and/or syncope upon abrupt standing. Dronabinol also demonstrates reversible effects on appetite, mood, cognition, memory, and perceptio…
DrugBank
IV · Clinical
Clinical description
Where this compound's substance class sits in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, and how much of the recorded literature speaks to each domain of a mental status examination.
Filed under Hallucinogens
- 6C49Disorders due to use of hallucinogens
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR): Hallucinogen-Related Disorders. Category names only — the manual is in copyright and no diagnostic criterion is reproduced here.
Filed under Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR): Cannabis-Related Disorders. Category names only — the manual is in copyright and no diagnostic criterion is reproduced here.
MeSH does not separate plant cannabinoids from synthetic agonists; ICD-11 does. Both chapters are listed because the class alone does not decide which applies.
How much has been written about each domain
The clinical domains, and how many of the records this archive holds for this compound say something under each. What the terms mean, and the word list behind every spoke, are set out in the method.
- Mood 3
- matched on “elation”, “mood” · in Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics; Toxicology: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB); PMID 24281276
- Cognition 4
- matched on “cognitiv”, “memory” · in Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action; Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics; Toxicology: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB); PMID 33497784
V · Systems
Systems physiology
Where the targets this compound binds are transcribed — brain regions on the left, peripheral and autonomic tissues on the right. A join of two measurements, not a claim about what the compound does to either.
Brain
basal ganglia: drawn as the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.
Measured but not drawn — this anatomogram has no outline for them: retina 411.4, midbrain 149.5, spinal cord 115.7, pituitary gland 91.0.
Body
Square-root ramp · shared scale across both plates
Shading is transcript level — not affinity, and not affinity combined with expression. Outlined but unshaded organs hold none of this compound’s resolved targets above the atlas’s detection threshold. Anatomy from EMBL-EBI Anatomogram (Apache License 2.0); regions identified by Uberon (uberon.org), CC BY 3.0.
Brain regions
Regions where this compound's measured targets are transcribed. Linked from the plate above.
retina
411.4 nTPMcerebral cortex
201.5 nTPMhypothalamus
168.6 nTPMmidbrain
149.5 nTPMbasal ganglia
148.1 nTPMamygdala
124.7 nTPMcerebellum
122.7 nTPMhippocampal formation
120.5 nTPMspinal cord
115.7 nTPMpituitary gland
91.0 nTPM
Peripheral & autonomic
Tissues outside the CNS expressing the same targets — where a compound's bodily effects become possible.
skeletal muscle
845.9 nTPMliver
658.2 nTPMkidney
355.4 nTPMadrenal gland
323.8 nTPMheart muscle
321.8 nTPMsmall intestine
273.2 nTPMcolon
262.4 nTPMsalivary gland
242.3 nTPMlung
232.6 nTPMurinary bladder
210.6 nTPMspleen
176.6 nTPMthyroid gland
172.7 nTPMstomach 1
170.7 nTPMduodenum
148.7 nTPMpancreas
140.2 nTPMsmooth muscle
116.0 nTPM
Each row joins two published measurements and nothing else: the affinity this archive holds for the compound at that target, and the transcript level the Human Protein Atlas reports for that target’s gene in that region. Bars scale with expression only. Expression is not activation — a receptor transcribed in a region is a receptor available to be bound there, which is a weaker and more defensible claim than saying the region is affected.
2 of this compound’s targets could not be resolved to a gene and are absent from both columns: Cannabinoid receptor, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8.
Expression data from Human Protein Atlas (CC BY-SA 3.0), RNA expression, nTPM (normalized transcripts per million), consensus tissue dataset. Uhlén M, et al. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015;347(6220):1260419.
VI · Profile
Affinity rosette
The strongest measurement at each of 6 molecular targets. Cell-line and whole-organism screens are excluded here — they carry no affinity — and appear in the table below.
VII · Toxicology
Toxicological profile
What has been measured, and what has been published — kept apart, and neither scored. There is no risk rating on this page; the archive once carried one, identical for every compound, produced by a stub.
Measured in this archive
Assays that bear on toxicity, drawn from the same ChEMBL records as everything else on this page. They are measurements of what a compound binds or does to cells — not verdicts about what it does to a person.
No hERG, cytochrome, cytotoxicity or transport measurement exists for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in this archive.
Lethal-dose values — animal studies
These are not human doses. An LD50 is the dose killing half of a group of animals of one species by one route, and it is a poor predictor of human risk for these compounds. Each value is printed whole, with the species and route it was measured in, because a lethal dose separated from those two facts is worse than no figure at all. Nothing here supports inferring a safe dose for anyone.
LD50 Rat male oral 1270 mg/kg
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1573
LD50 Rat female oral 730 mg/kg
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1573
LD50 Rat male oral 800 mg/kg (sesame oil emulsion)
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1584
LD50 Rat male iv 35.5 mg/kg (sesame oil emulsion)
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1584
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
As published
Quoted verbatim from the database named after each passage, never summarized — a summary of a toxicology statement is a new claim.
Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, dronabinol) is light yellow resinous oil. This is a Schedule I controlled substance in the USA. The only legal medical application for marijuana is to reduce the adverse effects of chemotherapy for cancer patients, some patients have been given THC to reduce the pressure in the eye from glaucoma. HUMAN STUDIES: An oral dose of 20 mg of delta-9-THC or the smo…
The median lethal dose (LD50) of THC has been determined in various animal species through oral administration and ranges from 800 to 9000 mg/kg. In humans, there have been no recorded instances of fatal overdoses resulting from acute THC use. However, estimates for a potentially lethal human dose range from 4 to 15 g.
Toxicity
The mechanism of action of marinol is not completely understood. It is thought that cannabinoid receptors in neural tissues may mediate the effects of dronabinol and other cannabinoids. Animal studies with other cannabinoids suggest that marinol's antiemetic effects may be due to inhibition of the vomiting control mechanism in the medulla oblongata.
Hepatotoxicity
Serum aminotransferase elevations during dronabinol therapy were reported to occur in 6% of treated patients compared to 4.3% in controls who receiving cancer chemotherapy. The aminotransferase elevations were transient, mild-to-moderate in severity, and not associated with symptoms or jaundice. There have been no convincing cases of clinically apparent liver injury attributable to dronabinol published in the literat…
Human Toxicity Excerpts
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a study of the pharmacodynamics of chronic dronabinol exposure, healthy male volunteers (N=12) received 210 mg/day dronabinol, administered orally in divided doses, for 16 days. An initial tachycardia induced by dronabinol was replaced successively by normal sinus rhythm and then bradycardia. A decrease in supine blood pressure, made worse by standing, was also observed initially. These v…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for DRONABINOL capsule (September 2015). Available from, as of September 13, 2017: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=68b4168b-5782-4e68-a25a-5b4e4408dbce
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Tetrahydrocannabinol, even in amounts equivalent to small doses of cannabis, impaired immediate memory in 8 young men.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 354
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ BACKGROUND: Many cannabinoid medications are approved in North America or in phase III trials, such as dronabinol, nabilone, or nabiximols. Little is known about their subjective psychoactive effects when used for pain management. We hypothesized that when used for pain, dronabinol has psychoactive effects in a dose-response relationship, whose peak effects are comparable with smoking marijua…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 24281276Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4013220
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Subacute pulmonary effects of heavy marijuana smoking (five 2% delta-9-THC cigarettes for 60 days) include mild decreases in FEV1, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, large-airway conductance and diffusion capacity.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 680
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (70 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Published passages via PubChem toxicology sections, aggregating Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), RTECS, LiverTox. No figure on this page is scored, ranked or combined into a risk level.
VIII · Evidence
Every measurement
One row per published value. The identifier in the last column resolves to the ChEMBL assay record it was read from.
Equilibrium binding constants 57
Ki and Kd — a concentration at equilibrium. Directly comparable across rows at the same target.
| Target | Class | Type | Value (nM) | pX | Organism | Assay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 2.90 | 8.54 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL953973 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 3.30 | 8.48 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL895424 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 9.20 | 8.04 | Mus musculus | CHEMBL896543 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 15.30 | 7.82 | Mus musculus | CHEMBL3541169 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 17.00 | 7.77 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL895425 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 18.00 | 7.74 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL5527146 |
| Unchecked | Unclassified | Ki | 20.00 | 7.70 | — organism not recorded | CHEMBL828819 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 24.00 | 7.62 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL1952637 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 30.00 | 7.52 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL6083333 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 32.00 | 7.49 | RAT | PMID 10991998 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL3782512 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL921109 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL4430873 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL658959 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL2210674 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL658878 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL1065037 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.00 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL828769 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.40 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL4714300 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.40 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL3239823 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 36.40 | 7.44 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL5360494 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 37.00 | 7.43 | RAT | PMID 10991998 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 37.00 | 7.43 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL828818 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 38.00 | 7.42 | RAT | PMID 10991998 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 39.00 | 7.41 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL6083332 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 39.50 | 7.40 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL3873281 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 39.50 | 7.40 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL3266181 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 40.00 | 7.40 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL1069625 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 40.00 | 7.40 | Mus musculus | CHEMBL896544 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 40.00 | 7.40 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL4344064 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 40.00 | 7.40 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL3873282 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 40.00 | 7.40 | Mus musculus | CHEMBL4714299 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 40.70 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL5360493 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 40.70 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL3239822 |
| Cannabinoid receptor | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL661062 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL1287584 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL875683 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL2210675 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL921108 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL4430872 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL657905 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Mus musculus | CHEMBL659663 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL658061 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL828768 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL1219989 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 41.00 | 7.39 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL953972 |
| CB2 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 42.00 | 7.38 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL5527148 |
| Cannabinoid receptor | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 46.00 | 7.34 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL657995 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 47.60 | 7.32 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL659693 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 66.50 | 7.18 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL658891 |
| Cannabinoid receptor | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 82.00 | 7.09 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL4360722 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 110 | 6.96 | RAT | PMID 10991998 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 130 | 6.89 | RAT | PMID 10991998 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 170 | 6.77 | RAT | PMID 10991998 |
| Unchecked | Unclassified | Ki | 302 | 6.52 | — organism not recorded | CHEMBL3252948 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | Ki | 1,600 | 5.80 | RAT | PMID 10991998 |
| L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain | Enzymes | Ki | 14,000 | 4.85 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL4842434 |
Functional readouts 8
IC₅₀, EC₅₀, AC₅₀ and potency. Assay-dependent, and not interchangeable with a binding constant.
| Target | Class | Type | Value (nM) | pX | Organism | Assay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabinoid receptor | Cannabinoid receptors | IC50 | 5.80 | 8.24 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL660013 |
| CB1 | Cannabinoid receptors | IC50 | 5.80 | 8.24 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL658880 |
| Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 | Ion channels | IC50 | 160 | 6.80 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL5253448 |
| Cannabinoid receptor | Cannabinoid receptors | IC50 | 218 | 6.66 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL660019 |
| Autotaxin | Unclassified | EC50 | 460 | 6.34 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL5533697 |
| Hemozoin | Unclassified | IC50 | 11,300 | 4.95 | Plasmodium falciparum | CHEMBL5054968 |
| Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 | Nuclear receptors | EC50 | 12,600 | 4.90 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL3531878 |
| Unchecked | Unclassified | Potency | 35,481 | 4.45 | — organism not recorded | CHEMBL3215169 |
- P
- PubChem
- C
- ChEMBL
- R
- Computed here with RDKit
- D
- Derived here from the stored measurement
IX · Trials
Registered clinical trials
Studies filed with ClinicalTrials.gov that name this compound as an intervention. A registered trial is a protocol, not a result — status and enrollment are printed beside every row, and withdrawn studies are counted rather than hidden.
242T
Registered studies
68T
Open or ongoing
238T
With a phase recorded
By phase
A study may carry two phase codes at once, so these count studies bearing each phase and do not sum to the total.
- Early phase 131
- Phase 183
- Phase 283
- Phase 323
- Phase 413
- Not applicable30
By status
The registry’s own status for each record. Withdrawn and terminated studies are counted here rather than hidden — a stopped trial is part of what is known.
- Completed131
- Recruiting42
- Terminated15
- Unknown status15
- Not yet recruiting13
- Active, not recruiting13
- Withdrawn12
- Suspended1
The 25 most recently started, of 242
Newest first by start date. Each identifier opens the registry record it came from; the title is the sponsor’s own, quoted.
- NCT05432284Not yet recruiting · Phase 1
Behavioral Pharmacology of THC and Beta-Myrcene
- Enrollment
- 32Testimated
- Started
- 2027-07
- Sponsor
- Johns Hopkins University
Conditions Cannabis Use
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
- NCT07570953Not yet recruiting · Phase 2 / Phase 3
A Study Of Synthetic THC And Sleep
- Enrollment
- 72Testimated
- Started
- 2026-11
- Sponsor
- Mayo Clinic
Conditions Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “Dronabinol”
- NCT07694466Not yet recruiting · Early phase 1
Lung Health and Breath Biomarkers: Acute Effects of Inhaled Cannabis
- Enrollment
- 12Testimated
- Started
- 2026-10-01
- Sponsor
- Hannah Harris
Conditions Cannabis Use · Tobacco · Biomarkers
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “Cannabis (THC)”
- NCT07148206Not yet recruiting · Phase 3
Dronabinol and Epidiolex to Manage Uncontrolled Residual Symptoms of Buprenorphine Initiation Trial
- Enrollment
- 40Testimated
- Started
- 2026-10
- Sponsor
- Montefiore Medical Center
Conditions Opioid Use Disorder
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “Dronabinol Capsules”
- NCT07231965Not yet recruiting · Phase 2 / Phase 3
Synthetic THC And Blood Pressure
- Enrollment
- 50Testimated
- Started
- 2026-10
- Sponsor
- Mayo Clinic
Conditions Blood Pressure
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “Dronabinol”
- NCT07815691Not yet recruiting · Phase 2
Endocannabinoids in Reward
- Enrollment
- 78Testimated
- Started
- 2026-09-15
- Sponsor
- Medical University of South Carolina
Conditions Cannabis Use Disorder
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “Dronabinol”
- NCT07214155Recruiting · Phase 1
Effects of Various Cannabis Strains on Perceptual, Subjective and Objective Use Outcomes
- Enrollment
- 70Testimated
- Started
- 2026-09-15
- Sponsor
- Johns Hopkins University
Conditions Cannabis Intoxication
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “0 mg THC (placebo)”
- NCT07783295Not yet recruiting · Phase 2
Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract for Chronic Pain and Bone Health Biomarkers in Women
- Enrollment
- 80Testimated
- Started
- 2026-09-01
- Sponsor
- Associação Pan-Americana Multidisciplinar de Endocanabinologia
Conditions Chronic Pain · Fibromyalgia · Osteoporosis · Orofacial Pain
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract 5:1 (CBD:THC)”
- NCT06222268Not yet recruiting · Phase 1 / Phase 2
Wayne State Warriors Marijuana Clinical Research Program: Cannabinoid Adjunct to Prolonged Exposure & Recovery
- Enrollment
- 280Testimated
- Started
- 2026-09
- Sponsor
- Leslie Lundahl
Conditions PTSD · Post Traumatic Stress Disorder · Suicide · Cannabis Use
Matched “Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol” in the study’s intervention “Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) only”
- NCT05067387Recruiting · Phase 1
Evaluation of Oral THC and CBD in Men and Women
- Enrollment
- 22Testimated
- Started
- 2026-08-13
- Sponsor
- University of California, Los Angeles
Conditions Drug Abuse · Intoxication by Drug · Impairment
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
- NCT07635563Recruiting · Phase 2
DReAMzz- Dronabinol and Acetazolamide Medication for Sleep Apnea (ZZ). Dose Confirmation Crossover Study for IHL-42X in Subjects With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
- Enrollment
- 120Testimated
- Started
- 2026-07-21
- Sponsor
- Incannex Healthcare Ltd
Conditions Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “IHL-42X: 2.5 mg dronabinol + 125 mg acetazolamide”
- NCT06758596Not yet recruiting · Early phase 1
Research Investigating Drug Effects-2 (RiDE-2)
- Enrollment
- 144Testimated
- Started
- 2026-07-15
- Sponsor
- University of Illinois at Chicago
Conditions Cannabis Use · Substance Use Disorder (SUD) · Healthy
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
- NCT07296874Not yet recruiting · Phase 2
Acute Effects of Cannabis on Cognition and Affect
- Enrollment
- 90Testimated
- Started
- 2026-07
- Sponsor
- Washington State University
Conditions Cannabis Use
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC 20mg”
- NCT07656350Recruiting · Not applicable
Challenging the Endocannabinoid System in Sleep Restricted Healthy Volunteers to Modulate Physiological Arousal (CANISLEEP) Study
- Enrollment
- 60Testimated
- Started
- 2026-06-02
- Sponsor
- King's College London
Conditions Healthy Volunteer
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
- NCT07603518Recruiting · Phase 1
The Pharmacokinetics of a Hemp-Based Topical Product
- Enrollment
- 20Testimated
- Started
- 2026-05-26
- Sponsor
- Johns Hopkins University
Conditions Cannabis
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
- NCT07422311Not yet recruiting · Phase 2 / Phase 3
To Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Dronabinol Oral Solution for Agitation in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
- Enrollment
- 140Testimated
- Started
- 2026-05-01
- Sponsor
- Benuvia Therapeutics Inc.
Conditions Agitation in Dementia
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “Dronabinol Oral Solution”
- NCT07225777Terminated · Phase 2
Sex Differences in Neurobehavioral Response to THC
- Enrollment
- 5Tactual
- Started
- 2026-04-27
- Sponsor
- Medical University of South Carolina
Conditions Cannabis Use Disorder
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “Dronabinol”
- NCT06834997Withdrawn · Phase 2
Dronabinol As an Adjunct for Reducing Pain (DARP)-Texas Children's Hospital
- Enrollment
- 0Tactual
- Started
- 2026-04-01
- Sponsor
- Baylor College of Medicine
Conditions Endometriosis · Endometriosis Related Pain · Endometriosis, Pain
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “Dronabinol Capsules”
- NCT07471347Not yet recruiting · Not applicable
Exploring The Effect Of Cannabidiol On Cannabis Tolerance Using A Novel Vaporiser Device In Heavy Users (Stage 1)
- Enrollment
- 10Testimated
- Started
- 2026-03
- Sponsor
- King's College London
Conditions Cannabis Intoxication
Matched “Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol” in the study’s intervention “delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)”
- NCT06878417Recruiting · Not applicable
Cannabinoids for Osteoarthritis Pain Effectiveness Trial
- Enrollment
- 100Testimated
- Started
- 2026-01-29
- Sponsor
- University Health Network, Toronto
Conditions Osteoarthritis of Knee · Osteoarthritis Hip
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
- NCT07401628Completed · Not applicable
In-Vehicle Real-Time Cannabis Influenced Driving Detection
- Enrollment
- 45Tactual
- Started
- 2026-01-05
- Sponsor
- University of Bern
Conditions Driving Under the Influence · Cannabis-impaired Driving
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “Cannabis (THC)”
- NCT05052541Recruiting · Phase 3
Safety and Efficacy of Oral Cannabis in Chronic Spine Pain
- Enrollment
- 157Testimated
- Started
- 2026-01
- Sponsor
- University of Colorado, Denver
Conditions Back Pain · Neck Pain
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC/CBD”
- NCT07176208Recruiting · Phase 1
Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effects of Oral Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) With and Without Alcohol on Perception and Driving Performance in Healthy Adults
- Enrollment
- 48Testimated
- Started
- 2025-12-29
- Sponsor
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Conditions Cannabis, Drug Effects · Driving Performance
Matched “Dronabinol” in the study’s intervention “5 mg Dronabinol (Marinol®) + Placebo Beverage”
- NCT06261489Recruiting · Phase 2
Cannabis (THC vs. CBD) in Multiple Sclerosis
- Enrollment
- 30Testimated
- Started
- 2025-12-05
- Sponsor
- University of Calgary
Conditions Multiple Sclerosis
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
- NCT06859710Recruiting · Phase 1
THC and CBD: A Controlled Human Study Probing a Harm Reduction Strategy
- Enrollment
- 30Testimated
- Started
- 2025-11-05
- Sponsor
- University of California, Los Angeles
Conditions Abuse, Drug · Pain
Matched “THC” in the study’s intervention “THC”
Records from ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine, NIH), API v2. A study is listed against a compound only when a verified name for that compound appears as a whole word in one of the study's own intervention names. A short code must appear as written, and a name the registry uses for something else (Aleph, a vaccine maker) is not matched. Title matches are not accepted. The matched name and the intervention text it matched are shown with every row.
Searched as Tetrahydrocannabinol · Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol · Dronabinol. Run this search at the registry — it returns the unfiltered result, including studies this page rejected as belonging to a different molecule.
A registered trial is a protocol somebody filed with the registry. It is not a result, and nothing on this plate says whether Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) worked.
X · Legal
Controlled-substance status
United States federal scheduling, read from the DEA records this archive holds and shown with the passage each was read from. Not legal advice, and not necessarily current.
- DEA class
- Cannabinoids
- Added
- October 1998
As the DEA states it
Quoted whole. The badge above is a reading of these passages and adds nothing to them.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (Class: Cannabinoids, Added Date: 10-1998)
Schedule II - Substances in the DEA Schedule II have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
(6aR-trans)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo [b,d]pyran-1-ol]|(-)-delta-9-(trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol]
Schedule III - Substances in the DEA Schedule III have a potential for abuse less than substances in Schedules I or II and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.
Other regulatory records
Registers outside the DEA that hold an entry for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) — chemical-safety and national inventories, each naming itself. They are not scheduling decisions.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.
Schedule I shall consist of the drugs and other substances, by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated, listed in this section. Each drug or substance has been assigned the DEA Controlled Substances Code Number set forth opposite it. ... Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, or which contains any of its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation (for purposes of this paragraph only, th…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)21 CFR 1308.11(d) (USDEA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 19, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
Schedule II shall consist of the drugs and other substances, by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated, listed in this section. Each drug or substance has been assigned the DEA Controlled Substances Code Number set forth opposite it. ... Hallucinogenic substances. Dronabinol [(-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol] in an oral solution in a drug product approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (DEA Code Number: 7365) is included on this list. /Dronabinol/
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)21 CFR 1308.12(f) (USDEA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 19, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
Schedule III shall consist of the drugs and other substances, by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated, listed in this section. Each drug or substance has been assigned the DEA Controlled Substances Code Number set forth opposite it. ... Hallucinogenic substances. (1) Dronabinol (synthetic) in sesame oil and encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule in a U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved product - /DEA Code Number:/ 7369. [Some other names for dronabinol: (6aR-trans)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol] or (-)-delta-9-(trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol]. /Dronabinol/
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)21 CFR 1308.13(g) (USDEA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 19, 2017: https://www.ecfr.gov
United States federal status only. State law differs, and so does the law of every other country — none of it is represented here. Scheduling changes, and this reflects the DEA records held by PubChem descriptive sections when the monograph was last harvested, not necessarily today. This is a record of what a database publishes, not legal advice.
XI · Literature
Sources behind this dossier
The papers this compound's values were read from, ranked by what each contributed. Not a review of the field.
Every paper below is one some value on this page came from — a binding constant, a passage of pharmacology or toxicology, or a measured duration. Each entry says what this archive took from it. Nothing else is claimed about any of them: the title is the study’s own account of itself, and a summary written here would be an assertion with no source behind it.
- 01
Breivogel CS, Childers SR · The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2000
- · 7 measurements at 1 target (Ki), strongest CB1 at 7.49 pX
- 02
McCartney D, Arkell TR, Irwin C et al. · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2021
- · ~5 h to recovery of driving-related cognitive skills
- 03
Arkell TR, Lintzeris N, Kevin RC et al. · Psychopharmacology 2019
- · 4 timed observations on the simulation plate
- 04
Hartman RL, Brown TL, Milavetz G et al. · Drug testing and analysis 2016
- · Duration of acute subjective effects
- 05
Wolff V, Schlagowski AI, Rouyer O et al. · BioMed research international 2015
- · Mechanism of Action
- 06
Sido JM, Yang X, Nagarkatti PS et al. · Journal of leukocyte biology 2015
- · Mechanism of Action
- 07
Issa MA, Narang S, Jamison RN et al. · The Clinical journal of pain 2014
- · Human Toxicity Excerpts
- 08
Synaptic targets of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the central nervous system
Hoffman AF, Lupica CR · Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 2013
- · Mechanism of Action