Ibogaine
Also known asEndabuse · (-)-Ibogaine · 12 Methoxyibogamine · 12-Methoxyibogamine · Ibogain · (5beta)-12-methoxyibogamine · Tabernanthe iboga · HJM
(1R,15R,17S,18S)-17-ethyl-7-methoxy-3,13-diazapentacyclo[13.3.1.02,10.04,9.013,18]nonadeca-2(10),4(9),5,7-tetraene
- PubChem CID
- 197060
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL222287
- Measurements
- 14
- InChIKey
- HSIBGVUMFOSJPD-CFDPKNGZSA-N
I · Summary
What is known
Published passages, each quoted whole and attributed to the database that published it. Two blocks are written here rather than quoted, and both say so where they stand: the synthesized summary at the top, which may draw only on the passages beneath it, and the history note, which cites the works it came from. Every claim in either carries a marker to its source.
What it is
Ibogaine is an organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group. It has a role as a oneirogen, an inhibitor, a hallucinogen and a plant metabolite. It is an aromatic ether, an organic heteropentacyclic compound and a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid. It is functionally related to an ibogamine. It is a conjugate base of an ibogaine(1+).
Ibogaine is a DEA Schedule I controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule I have no currently accepted medical use in the United States, a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse. It is a Hallucinogenic substances substance.
ibogaine has been reported in Trachelospermum jasminoides, Tabernanthe iboga, and other organisms with data available.
endabuse has been reported in Trachelospermum jasminoides, Tabernanthe iboga, and other organisms with data available.
Recognized use
/EXPL THER/ Ibogaine is a hallucinogenic indole alkaloid extracted from the West African shrub tabernanthe iboga (Apocynaceae). It has been investigated as an aid to withdrawal from drug addiction.
Therapeutic Uses
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)SWEETMAN, S.C. (ed.) Martindale-The Complete Drug Reference. 36th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 2009., p. 2324
Schedule I Controlled Substance: (A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse; (B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States; and (C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.
Use Classification
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)US Department of Justice/Office of Diversion Control; Schedule of Controlled Substances. Available from, as of February 28, 2014: https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm
Iboga extracts said to be used by African natives while stalking game, to enable them to remain motionless for as long as 2 days while retaining mental alertness. /Iboga extracts/
Use Classification
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 904
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY: Cardiotonic. Diagnostic aid (glaucoma)
Use Classification
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 905
In Gabon and elsewhere in West Central Africa, ibogaine is ingested in the form of scrapings of Tabernanthe iboga root bark. The ritual aim of eating iboga has been conceptualized as "binding"' the binding across time through ancestral contact, or binding participants socially on the basis of a common shared experience of a distinctive consciousness and system of belief.
Use Classification
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)Alper KR et al; J Ethnopharmacol 115 (1): 9-24 (2008)
How it acts
... In this study, /researchers/ first characterized the actions of ibogaine on ethanol self-administration in rodents. Ibogaine decreased ethanol intake by rats in two-bottle choice and operant self-administration paradigms. Ibogaine also reduced operant self-administration of ethanol in a relapse model. Next, /the researchers/ identified a molecular mechanism that mediates the desirable activities of ibogaine on ethanol intake. Microinjection of ibogaine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), but not the substantia nigra, reduced self-administration of ethanol, and systemic administration of ibogaine increased the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in a midbra…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 15659598Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1193648
Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the West African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. This drug interrupts cocaine and amphetamine abuse and has been proposed for treatment of addiction to these stimulants. However, the mechanism of action that explains its pharmacological properties is unclear. Since previous studies demonstrated differential effects of psychotomimetic drugs (cocaine and methamphetamine) on neuropeptides such as neurotensin (NT), the present study was designed to determine: (1) the effects of ibogaine on striatal, nigral, cortical, and accumbens neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI); (2) the effects of selective dopamine antagonists on ibogaine-induce…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 9914442Alburges ME, Hanson GR; Brain Res 818 (1): 96-104 (1999)
Behavior carries the pharmacological classes and the acute-effect durations, with plasma half-life kept separate from duration of effect.
In the body
To investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of ibogaine, a putatively anti-addictive alkaloid, levels of this drug were quantified in plasma and tissues for up to 3 hr following i.v. infusion in rats. Immediately following a 31-35 min infusion (20 mg/kg), mean plasma ibogaine levels were 373 ng/mL; these values declined rapidly thereafter in a biexponential manner. The plasma time course in 5 of 7 animals demonstrated an excellent fit to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with alpha and beta half-lives of 7.3 min and 3.3 hr, respectively. Drug clearance was estimated to be 5.9 L/hr (n = 7). Ibogaine levels in brain, liver and kidney 3 hr after the end of drug infusion were 143-170 ng…
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 10849889Hough LB et al; Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 22 (2): 77-81 (2000)
The distribution of the putative anti-addictive substance ibogaine was measured in plasma, brain, kidney, liver and fat after ip and sc administration in rats. One hr after ip dosing (40 mg/kg), drug levels ranged from 106 ng/ml (plasma) to 11,308 ng/g (fat), with significantly higher values after sc administration of the same dose. Drug levels were 10-20 fold lower 12 hr after the same dose. These results suggest that: 1) ibogaine is subject to a substantial "first pass" effect after ip dosing, demonstrated by higher drug levels following the sc route, 2) ibogaine shows a large accumulation in adipose tissue, consistent with its lipophilic nature, and 3) persistence of the drug in fat may c…
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 8632705Hough LB et al; Life Sci 58 (7): PL119-22 (1996)
/The authors/ report ... the tissue distribution of ibogaine and noribogaine, the main metabolite of ibogaine, in a 48-year-old Caucasian male, with a history of drug abuse, found dead at his home after a poisoning involving the ingestion of root bark from the shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Ibogaine and noribogaine were quantified in tissues and fluids using a fully validated liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry method. Apart from cardiac tissue, ibogaine and noribogaine were identified in all matrices investigated. The highest concentrations were found in spleen, liver, brain, and lung. The tissue/subclavian blood concentration ratios averaged 1.78, 3.75, 1.16, and 4.64 for ibogai…
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 16959135Kontrimaviciute V et al; J Anal Toxicol 30 (7): 434-40 (2006)
Ibogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid that possesses potential as an agent to treat opiate and cocaine addiction. The primary metabolite arises via O-demethylation at the 12-position to yield 12-hydroxyibogamine. In this report, evidence is presented that the O-demethylation of ibogaine observed in human hepatic microsomes is catalyzed primarily by the polymorphically expressed cytochrome P-4502D6 (CYP2D6). An enzyme kinetic examination of ibogaine O-demethylase activity in pooled human liver microsomes suggested that two (or more) enzymes are involved in this reaction: one with a low KMapp (1.1 uM) and the other with a high KMapp (>200 uM). The low KMapp activity comprised >95% of total intri…
Metabolism/Metabolites
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 9698290Obach RS et al; Drug Metab Dispos 26 (8): 764-8 (1998)
History, discovery and cultural use
Written by this site · every claim referenced
In Gabon and elsewhere in West Central Africa, ibogaine is taken as scrapings of the root bark of Tabernanthe iboga 1. The ritual aim of eating iboga has been described as binding: across time through contact with ancestors, and among participants through a shared experience of a distinctive state of consciousness and system of belief 1.
Both sentences follow the HSDB use-class passage held in this archive, closely and without addition. Nothing above is quoted from Ibogaine’s own database records; those appear as quotations elsewhere on this plate.
Histories of this field
Scholarship on psychedelics generally, not on Ibogaine specifically. Whether any of these treats this compound is a question for the book, not for this page.
Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic
Traces mescaline and the peyote and San Pedro cacti from pre-Columbian ritual use through nineteenth-century chemistry to twentieth-century psychiatry and the counterculture.
Jay M. Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic. Yale University Press, New Haven and London; 2019. ISBN 9780300231076.
Expanding Mindscapes: A Global History of Psychedelicsopen access
Essays on the international and cross-cultural history of psychedelic science, deliberately decentring the standard North American and European account.
Dyck E, Elcock C, editors. Expanding Mindscapes: A Global History of Psychedelics. The MIT Press, Cambridge MA; 2023. ISBN 9780262546935 (paper), 9780262376891 (open access). doi:10.7551/mitpress/14417.001.0001.
Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers
Botany, ethnography and chemistry of the principal hallucinogenic plants, by the founder of modern ethnobotany and the chemist who first synthesized LSD.
Schultes RE, Hofmann A, Rätsch C. Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers. 2nd ed. Healing Arts Press, Rochester VT; 2001. ISBN 9780892819799.
Psychonauts: Drugs and the Making of the Modern Mind
The tradition of scientific self-experimentation with psychoactive drugs, and its part in the emergence of psychology and of modernism.
Jay M. Psychonauts: Drugs and the Making of the Modern Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven; 2023. ISBN 9780300257946.
Ancient Psychoactive Substances
Archaeological and bioarchaeological evidence for psychoactive plant use across the ancient world.
Fitzpatrick SM, editor. Ancient Psychoactive Substances. University Press of Florida, Gainesville; 2018. ISBN 9780813056708.
A chapter tracing psychedelic and entactogen research from earlier ritual use through the mid-century research period to current clinical trials.
Stroud C, Posey Norris SM, Matney C, editors. History and Current Status of Psychedelics and Entactogens for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. In: Exploring Psychedelics and Entactogens as Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, Washington DC; 2022. NBK587225.
Workshop proceedings record what participants said; they are not a consensus statement of the National Academies.
Peer-reviewed review covering the isolation, synthesis, pharmacology and ritual use of peyote and mescaline.
Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions. Current Molecular Pharmacology 12(3):184–194; 2019. doi:10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.
Institutional archives
- Heffter Research Institute Funds and coordinates clinical research on psilocybin, and keeps records of the studies it has supported since 1993. Sponsors the research it archives.
- Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) Sponsors clinical research, chiefly on MDMA-assisted therapy, and publishes an archive of historical and contemporary documents. A sponsor and an advocacy organization, not a disinterested archive; its clinical programme has a commercial arm.
The rest of this dossier
- Affinity — 14 measurements in this archive, equilibrium constants kept apart from functional readouts.
- Toxicology — 5 published passages, plus any assay in this archive bearing on toxicity.
- Legal — DEA Schedule I, with the passage it was read from.
- Systems — where this compound’s targets are transcribed, by brain region and tissue.
Passages via PubChem descriptive sections, aggregating DrugBank, LiverTox, FDA, DEA, HSDB, EPA. Each is quoted whole and attributed to the database that published it. The only prose written here about Ibogaine is the history note, which says so on its face and carries a reference for every claim in it.
II · Identity
Structure and descriptors
Descriptors are computed here with RDKit from the structure PubChem returns — not from the archive's stored copy, so an edited local structure cannot reach this table.
- Formula
- C20H26N2OR
- Molecular weight
- 310.44g/molR
- Exact mass
- 310.2045DaR
- cLogP
- 3.94R
- TPSA
- 28.3ŲR
- H-bond donors
- 1R
- H-bond acceptors
- 2R
- Rotatable bonds
- 2R
- Aromatic rings
- 2R
- Heavy atoms
- 23R
- Fraction sp³
- 0.600R
- Formal charge
- 0R
Computed with RDKit 2025.09.2 from the SMILES returned by PubChem. Audit run 26/09/2026.
Bemis–Murcko scaffold
c1ccc2c3c([nH]c2c1)[C@@H]1C[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1N(CC3)C2
Shared with Ibogaline, Ibogamine, Noribogaine, Tabernanthine. All families
III · Behavior
Behavioral summary
Class, mechanism, and the duration of acute effects — each quoted from the record or trial that publishes it. Duration of effects and plasma half-life are shown separately, because they are different quantities and diverge by a factor of three or four.
Classification
Duration of acute subjective effects
—
No controlled human trial reporting a duration for this compound is cited here. The archive does hold onset and duration ranges for it, inherited from an earlier build, but their source column is empty and so they cannot be shown. A duration is not inferred from a chemical relative.
Plasma elimination half-life
How fast the body clears the drug — not how long the effects last. The two diverge sharply: LSD is cleared with a half-life of about 2.6 h while its subjective effects run 8–12 h.
10.2 h
“Compared with placebo-pretreated subjects, paroxetine-pretreated subjects had rapid (Tmax = 1.5 hours) and substantial absorption of ibogaine, with detectable levels out to 72 hours, and an elimination half-life of 10.2 hours”
Primary pharmacological drivers
ChEMBL holds no curated mechanism-of-action record for this compound. The measured affinities below are the evidence this archive has for what it binds.
Mechanism, as published
Quoted verbatim from the database named after each passage, never summarized.
... In this study, /researchers/ first characterized the actions of ibogaine on ethanol self-administration in rodents. Ibogaine decreased ethanol intake by rats in two-bottle choice and operant self-administration paradigms. Ibogaine also reduced operant self-administration of ethanol in a relapse model. Next, /the researchers/ identifie…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 15659598Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1193648 Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the West African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. This drug interrupts cocaine and amphetamine abuse and has been proposed for treatment of addiction to these stimulants. However, the mechanism of action that explains its pharmacological properties is unclear. Since previous studies…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 9914442Alburges ME, Hanson GR; Brain Res 818 (1): 96-104 (1999) Ibogaine, a putative antiaddictive drug, is remarkable in its apparent ability to downgrade withdrawal symptoms and drug craving for extended periods of time after a single dose. Ibogaine acts as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, while NMDA has been implicated in long lasting changes in neuronal function and in the physiological…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 11055745Leal MB e al; Neurochem Res 25 (8): 1083-7 (2000) The iboga alkaloids are a class of small molecules defined structurally on the basis of a common ibogamine skeleton, some of which modify opioid withdrawal and drug self-administration in humans and preclinical models. These compounds may represent an innovative approach to neurobiological investigation and development of addiction pharma…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 24204784Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818563
IV · Clinical
Clinical description
Where this compound's substance class sits in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, and how much of the recorded literature speaks to each domain of a mental status examination.
Filed under Hallucinogens
- 6C49Disorders due to use of hallucinogens
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR): Hallucinogen-Related Disorders. Category names only — the manual is in copyright and no diagnostic criterion is reproduced here.
How much has been written about each domain
The clinical domains, and how many of the records this archive holds for this compound say something under each. What the terms mean, and the word list behind every spoke, are set out in the method.
- Mood 1
- matched on “elation” · in PMID 23123541
- Perception 1
- matched on “hallucinogen” · in PMID 23919354
- Cognition 3
- matched on “concentrat” · in PMID 9914442; PMID 23919354; PMID 24112325
V · Systems
Systems physiology
Where the targets this compound binds are transcribed — brain regions on the left, peripheral and autonomic tissues on the right. A join of two measurements, not a claim about what the compound does to either.
Brain
basal ganglia: drawn as the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.
Measured but not drawn — this anatomogram has no outline for them: midbrain 92.9, pituitary gland 41.5, retina 5.3, spinal cord 4.0.
Body
Square-root ramp · shared scale across both plates
Shading is transcript level — not affinity, and not affinity combined with expression. Outlined but unshaded organs hold none of this compound’s resolved targets above the atlas’s detection threshold. Anatomy from EMBL-EBI Anatomogram (Apache License 2.0); regions identified by Uberon (uberon.org), CC BY 3.0.
Brain regions
Regions where this compound's measured targets are transcribed. Linked from the plate above.
midbrain
92.9 nTPMpituitary gland
41.5 nTPMcerebellum
32.4 nTPMhypothalamus
14.4 nTPMbasal ganglia
14.0 nTPMcerebral cortex
10.0 nTPMhippocampal formation
8.9 nTPMamygdala
7.5 nTPMretina
5.3 nTPMspinal cord
4.0 nTPM
Peripheral & autonomic
Tissues outside the CNS expressing the same targets — where a compound's bodily effects become possible.
small intestine
38.0 nTPMcolon
36.0 nTPMheart muscle
28.4 nTPMlung
27.2 nTPMurinary bladder
13.4 nTPMstomach 1
10.6 nTPMduodenum
9.7 nTPMsmooth muscle
7.0 nTPMadrenal gland
3.4 nTPMpancreas
3.2 nTPMspleen
1.7 nTPMkidney
1.1 nTPMskeletal muscle
1.0 nTPMsalivary gland
0.9 nTPMthyroid gland
0.7 nTPMliver
0.2 nTPM
Each row joins two published measurements and nothing else: the affinity this archive holds for the compound at that target, and the transcript level the Human Protein Atlas reports for that target’s gene in that region. Bars scale with expression only. Expression is not activation — a receptor transcribed in a region is a receptor available to be bound there, which is a weaker and more defensible claim than saying the region is affected.
3 of this compound’s targets could not be resolved to a gene and are absent from both columns: NMDA, Sigma 1, Sigma 2.
Expression data from Human Protein Atlas (CC BY-SA 3.0), RNA expression, nTPM (normalized transcripts per million), consensus tissue dataset. Uhlén M, et al. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. 2015;347(6220):1260419.
VI · Profile
Affinity rosette
The strongest measurement at each of 8 molecular targets. Cell-line and whole-organism screens are excluded here — they carry no affinity — and appear in the table below.
VII · Toxicology
Toxicological profile
What has been measured, and what has been published — kept apart, and neither scored. There is no risk rating on this page; the archive once carried one, identical for every compound, produced by a stub.
Measured in this archive
Assays that bear on toxicity, drawn from the same ChEMBL records as everything else on this page. They are measurements of what a compound binds or does to cells — not verdicts about what it does to a person.
hERG / cardiac ion channel 1
Block of the hERG potassium channel (KCNH2) is the standard in-vitro flag for QT prolongation. A measured affinity is not an arrhythmia risk, and this archive does not convert one into the other.
- hERGKi710nMno origin
As published
Quoted verbatim from the database named after each passage, never summarized — a summary of a toxicology statement is a new claim.
Human Toxicity Excerpts
/CASE REPORTS/ /The authors/ report the case of a man who died twelve hours after ingesting powdered iboga root, commonly taken for its stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Ibogaine and ibogamine were quantified in the powder ingested and the victim's body fluids by GC-MS/MS after liquid-liquid extraction. The concentrations of ibogaine measured in the blood samples taken at the scene and in the peripheral blood,…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 23919354Mazoyer C et al; J Forensic Sci. 2013 Nov;58(6):1666-72 (2013)
/CASE REPORTS/ Ibogaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the roots of the rain forest shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Deaths have occurred temporarily related to the use of ibogaine. However, although not licensed as therapeutic drug, and despite evidence that ibogaine may disturb the rhythm of the heart, this alkaloid is currently used as an anti-addiction drug in alternative medicine for detoxification purpo…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 24112325Papadodima SA et al; J Forensic Leg Med. 2013 Oct;20(7):809-11 (2013)
/CASE REPORTS/ Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive plant alkaloid that is used globally in medical and nonmedical settings for opioid detoxification and other substance use indications. All available autopsy, toxicological, and investigative reports were systematically reviewed for the consecutive series of all known fatalities outside of West Central Africa temporally related to the use of ibogaine from 1…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 22268458Alper KR et al; J Forensic Sci 57 (2): 398-412 (2012)
/CASE REPORTS/ Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid extracted from the roots of the Tabernanthe iboga plant, which in alternative medicine is used to treat drug dependency. However, this upcoming, online advocated therapy can be dangerous due to its potentially lethal adverse effects. We present three cases in which toxic side effects were noted. /The authors/ used the Naranjo scale to estimate the…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 23123541Paling FP et al; Neth J Med. 2012 Nov;70(9):422-4 (2012)
/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Ibogaine is the most important alkaloid of the Central African Iboga-shrub. It is the central drug in Gabonian initiation ceremonies in which it is used to cause a near-death experience. In Western countries it is used in private clinics to treat addiction. However, in the United States and most European countries it is classified as an illegal drug because at least eight persons have die…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)PMID 16698188Maas U, Strubelt S; Med Hypotheses 67 (4): 960-4 (2006)
Published passages via PubChem toxicology sections, aggregating Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), RTECS, LiverTox. No figure on this page is scored, ranked or combined into a risk level.
VIII · Evidence
Every measurement
One row per published value. The identifier in the last column resolves to the ChEMBL assay record it was read from.
Equilibrium binding constants 10
Ki and Kd — a concentration at equilibrium. Directly comparable across rows at the same target.
| Target | Class | Type | Value (nM) | pX | Organism | Assay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unchecked | Unclassified | Ki | 201 | 6.70 | — organism not recorded | CHEMBL3238653 |
| Sigma 2 | Sigma receptors | Ki | 206 | 6.69 | HUMAN | PMID 20126400 |
| Sigma 1 | Sigma receptors | Ki | 250 | 6.60 | Cavia porcellus | CHEMBL915240 |
| hERG | Ion channels | Ki | 710 | 6.15 | HAMSTER | PMID 25636206 |
| NMDA | Glutamate receptors | Ki | 2,001 | 5.70 | RAT | PMID 20126400 |
| KOR | Opioid receptors | Ki | 2,717 | 5.57 | HUMAN | PMID 20126400 |
| MOR | Opioid receptors | Ki | 4,362 | 5.36 | HUMAN | PMID 20126400 |
| Sigma 1 | Sigma receptors | Ki | 5,839 | 5.23 | HUMAN | PMID 20126400 |
| Sigma 1 | Sigma receptors | Ki | 8,554 | 5.07 | Homo sapiens | CHEMBL3238652 |
| Unchecked | Unclassified | Ki | 9,310 | 5.03 | — organism not recorded | CHEMBL915241 |
Functional readouts 4
IC₅₀, EC₅₀, AC₅₀ and potency. Assay-dependent, and not interchangeable with a binding constant.
| Target | Class | Type | Value (nM) | pX | Organism | Assay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SERT | Monoamine transporters | IC50 | 590 | 6.23 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL803045 |
| DAT | Monoamine transporters | IC50 | 4,110 | 5.39 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL675227 |
| NMDA | Glutamate receptors | IC50 | 5,200 | 5.28 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL751794 |
| KOR | Opioid receptors | IC50 | 25,000 | 4.60 | Rattus norvegicus | CHEMBL753903 |
- P
- PubChem
- C
- ChEMBL
- R
- Computed here with RDKit
- D
- Derived here from the stored measurement
IX · Trials
Registered clinical trials
Studies filed with ClinicalTrials.gov that name this compound as an intervention. A registered trial is a protocol, not a result — status and enrollment are printed beside every row, and withdrawn studies are counted rather than hidden.
5T
Registered studies
2T
Open or ongoing
3T
With a phase recorded
By phase
A study may carry two phase codes at once, so these count studies bearing each phase and do not sum to the total.
- Phase 23
By status
The registry’s own status for each record. Withdrawn and terminated studies are counted here rather than hidden — a stopped trial is part of what is known.
- Completed2
- Active, not recruiting2
- Withdrawn1
Every matched study
Newest first by start date. Each identifier opens the registry record it came from; the title is the sponsor’s own, quoted.
- NCT06810765Withdrawn · Phase 2
Trifecta Research Study
- Enrollment
- 0Tactual
- Started
- 2025-09
- Sponsor
- Johns Hopkins University
Conditions PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder · Cognitive Dysfunction · Brain Trauma · Brain Injuries
Matched “Ibogaine” in the study’s intervention “ibogaine with magnesium treatment”
- NCT03380728Completed · Phase 2
Ibogaine in the Treatment of Alcoholism: an Open-label Escalating-dose Trial
- Enrollment
- 9Tactual
- Started
- 2022-10-30
- Sponsor
- University of Sao Paulo
Conditions Alcoholism
Matched “Ibogaine” in the study’s intervention “Ibogaine Hydrochloride”
- NCT07717866Active, not recruiting
Trifecta Research Study
- Enrollment
- 52Tactual
- Started
- 2022-08-01
- Sponsor
- Axial Therapeutic Research
Conditions PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder · Cognitive Dysfunction · Brain Injury · Depression - Major Depressive Disorder · Suicidal Ideation
Matched “Ibogaine” in the study’s intervention “Ibogaine Hydrochloride with Magnesium Sulfate”
- NCT04313712Active, not recruiting
Pre-post Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Ibogaine-Magnesium Therapy in Veterans With Repeated Blast Exposure
- Enrollment
- 30Testimated
- Started
- 2021-11-15
- Sponsor
- Stanford University
Conditions Blast or Combat Exposure · Head Injury Trauma
Matched “Ibogaine” in the study’s intervention “ibogaine with magnesium treatment”
- NCT04003948Completed · Phase 2
Preliminary Efficacy and Safety of Ibogaine in the Treatment of Methadone Detoxification
- Enrollment
- 20Tactual
- Started
- 2020-10-28
- Sponsor
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service
Conditions Drug Dependence · Drug Use Disorders · Opioid Dependence
Matched “Ibogaine” in the study’s intervention “Ibogaine Hydrochloride”
Records from ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine, NIH), API v2. A study is listed against a compound only when a verified name for that compound appears as a whole word in one of the study's own intervention names. A short code must appear as written, and a name the registry uses for something else (Aleph, a vaccine maker) is not matched. Title matches are not accepted. The matched name and the intervention text it matched are shown with every row.
Searched as Ibogaine · (-)-Ibogaine · 12 Methoxyibogamine. Run this search at the registry — it returns the unfiltered result, including studies this page rejected as belonging to a different molecule.
A registered trial is a protocol somebody filed with the registry. It is not a result, and nothing on this plate says whether Ibogaine worked.
X · Legal
Controlled-substance status
United States federal scheduling, read from the DEA records this archive holds and shown with the passage each was read from. Not legal advice, and not necessarily current.
As the DEA states it
Quoted whole. The badge above is a reading of these passages and adds nothing to them.
|7-Ethyl-6,6beta,7,8,9,10,12,13-octahydro-2-methoxy-6,9-methano-5H-pyrido [1'|2'1,2] azepino [5,4-b] indole|Tabernanthe iboga
Schedule I - Substances in the DEA Schedule I have no currently accepted medical use in the United States, a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse.
Other regulatory records
Registers outside the DEA that hold an entry for Ibogaine — chemical-safety and national inventories, each naming itself. They are not scheduling decisions.
Schedule I shall consist of the drugs and other substances, by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated, listed in this section. Each drug or substance has been assigned the DEA Controlled Substances Code Number set forth opposite it. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, or which contains any of its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation (for purposes of this paragraph only, the ter…
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)21 CFR 1308.11(d) (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 28, 2014: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/ECFR?page=browse
United States federal status only. State law differs, and so does the law of every other country — none of it is represented here. Scheduling changes, and this reflects the DEA records held by PubChem descriptive sections when the monograph was last harvested, not necessarily today. This is a record of what a database publishes, not legal advice.
XI · Literature
Sources behind this dossier
The papers this compound's values were read from, ranked by what each contributed. Not a review of the field.
Every paper below is one some value on this page came from — a binding constant, a passage of pharmacology or toxicology, or a measured duration. Each entry says what this archive took from it. Nothing else is claimed about any of them: the title is the study’s own account of itself, and a summary written here would be an assertion with no source behind it.
- 01
Psychedelics and the human receptorome
Ray TS · PloS one 2010
- · 5 measurements at 5 targets (Ki), strongest Sigma 2 at 6.69 pX
- 02
hERG Blockade by Iboga Alkaloids
Alper K, Bai R, Liu N et al. · Cardiovascular toxicology 2016
- · 1 measurement at 1 target (Ki), strongest hERG at 6.15 pX
- 03
Glue P, Winter H, Garbe K et al. · Journal of clinical pharmacology 2015
- · Plasma elimination half-life
- 04
Effect of Iboga alkaloids on µ-opioid receptor-coupled G protein activation
Antonio T, Childers SR, Rothman RB et al. · PloS one 2013
- · Mechanism of Action
- 05
Mazoyer C, Carlier J, Boucher A et al. · Journal of forensic sciences 2013
- · Human Toxicity Excerpts
- 06
Ibogaine related sudden death: a case report
Papadodima SA, Dona A, Evaggelakos CI et al. · Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2013
- · Human Toxicity Excerpts
- 07
Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine
Alper KR, Stajić M, Gill JR · Journal of forensic sciences 2012
- · Human Toxicity Excerpts
- 08
Life-threatening complications of ibogaine: three case reports
Paling FP, Andrews LM, Valk GD et al. · The Netherlands journal of medicine 2012
- · Human Toxicity Excerpts
- 09
Maas U, Strubelt S · Medical hypotheses 2006
- · Human Toxicity Excerpts
- 10
He DY, McGough NN, Ravindranathan A et al. · The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2005
- · Mechanism of Action
- 11
Long-lasting ibogaine protection against NMDA-induced convulsions in mice
Leal MB, de Souza DO, Elisabetsky E · Neurochemical research 2000
- · Mechanism of Action
- 12
Pharmacokinetic characterization of the indole alkaloid ibogaine in rats
Hough LB, Bagal AA, Glick SD · Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology 2000
- · Biological Half-Life
- 13
Alburges ME, Hanson GR · Brain research 1999
- · Mechanism of Action