Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Ligand-activated transcription factor that forms obligate heterodimers with the retinoic acid receptor and acts as a key regulator of biological processes, such as adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and beta-oxidation of fatty acids16150867,20829347,23525231,8702406,8706692,9065481. Activated by lipid ligands: binds peroxisome proliferators, such as hypolipidemic drugs, and fatty acids, such as prostaglandin J2 metabolites16150867,20829347,23525231,8702406,8706692,9065481. Ligand-binding results in a conformational change in the receptor, promoting dissociation of repressors and recruitment of coactivators, and subsequent activation of target gene expression16150867,20829347,23525231,8702406,8706692,9065481. Specifically binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase (By similarity). Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated pro-inflammatory responses20829347. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity)

Nuclear receptor that acts as the key factor controlling the development of adipocytes (By similarity). Specifically activated by 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 ligand during early adipogenesis, driving differentiation of all types of adipocytes (white, beige and brown) (By similarity). Acts together with retinoic acid receptor RXRA, forming the ARF6 complex, which acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer (By similarity). Following recruitment of TLE3, promotes differentiation of white adipocytes (By similarity). Following recruitment of PRDM16, promotes differentiation of myoblastic precursors into brown adipose cells (BAT), which are specialized in dissipating energy in the form of heat in response to cold or excess feeding (By similarity). Also mediates diffentiation of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes by mediating recruitment of PRDM16 (By similarity)

(Microbial infection) Upon treatment with M.tuberculosis or its lipoprotein LpqH, phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and IL-6 production are modulated, probably via this protein

Quoted from UniProt’s FUNCTION annotation for P37231 (reviewed). The superscript numbers are UniProt’s own PubMed citations, kept in the sentence and in order, each linking to the paper it names.

What it acts with

STRING’s highest-confidence human functional partners. The combined score mixes several kinds of evidence, so each channel is shown separately — a partner supported by experiment is a different claim from one supported only by text mining, and for a receptor this is where its coupling appears as evidence rather than as assertion.

Where it sits in the cell

• Nucleoplasm
• Vesicles

Human Protein Atlas, by antibody immunofluorescence in cell lines — a different assay from the expression figures below, which are RNA.

UniProt, curated Nucleus · Cytoplasm

Expression by cell type

Single cell type RNA, the 8 highest of those the Human Protein Atlas reports for this gene. Transcript, not protein, and a cell type rather than a tissue.

• Urothelial cells4,300.8 nCPM
• Adipocytes2,246.8 nCPM
• Prostatic hillock cells990.2 nCPM
• Papillary tip epithelial cells818.5 nCPM
• Prostatic club cells766.8 nCPM
• Foveolar cells753.3 nCPM
• Extravillous trophoblasts539.7 nCPM
• Colonocytes505.7 nCPM

Expression by tissue

The tissues this gene is enriched in, by consensus RNA. A tissue absent from this list is one the Atlas does not call specific for this gene, which is not the same as absent from it.

• adipose tissue153.2 nTPM
• breast83.9 nTPM